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Unraveling the impact of microplastics on autoimmune diseases: hidden dangers and environmental triggers

Yu-Tong Tan1,2, Wei-Wei Wang1,2, Shu-Zhen Xu1,2

  • 1Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Center for Big Data and Population Health of IHM, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, People's Republic of China.

Environmental Geochemistry and Health
|January 11, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Microplastics (MPs) may trigger autoimmune diseases (ADs) by disrupting immune cell function and promoting inflammation. Further research is crucial to understand MPs' role in AD pathogenesis and develop targeted interventions.

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Immunology
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Autoimmune diseases (ADs) result from a loss of immune tolerance, causing inflammation and organ damage.
  • The exact causes of ADs are unknown, but environmental factors are increasingly implicated.
  • Microplastics (MPs) are emerging as potential environmental triggers for AD initiation and progression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current evidence on the impact of microplastics (MPs) on immune function.
  • To explore the potential role of MPs in the pathogenesis of major autoimmune diseases.
  • To identify future research directions for understanding MP-AD interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating microplastic exposure and immune responses.
  • Analysis of research on MP-induced immunomodulation, including cytokine release and cell activation.
  • Examination of evidence linking MPs to the development of specific ADs like lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and IBD.

Main Results:

  • MPs modulate immune cell gene expression and increase reactive oxygen species production.
  • MPs can promote pro-inflammatory cytokine release and autoantibody production.
  • MPs activate neutrophils and natural killer cells, potentially worsening immune dysregulation.
  • Plastic additives in MPs may cause mitochondrial dysfunction, further compromising immune homeostasis.

Conclusions:

  • Microplastics possess significant immunomodulatory potential, influencing key immune pathways relevant to ADs.
  • MPs are increasingly recognized as a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases.
  • Further investigation is essential to elucidate the precise mechanisms by which MPs impact ADs and to inform public health strategies.
Keywords:
Autoimmune diseasesAutoimmunityEnvironmental contaminantsImmunityMicroplastics

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