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Related Concept Videos

Radical Reactivity: Overview01:11

Radical Reactivity: Overview

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Radicals, the highly reactive species, gain stability by undergoing three different reactions. The first reaction involves a radical-radical coupling, in which a radical combines with another radical, forming a spin‐paired molecule. The second reaction is between a radical and a spin‐paired molecule, generating a new radical and a new spin‐paired molecule. The third reaction is radical decomposition in a unimolecular reaction, forming a new radical and a spin‐paired...
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Electrophilic Addition of HX to 1,3-Butadiene: Thermodynamic vs Kinetic Control01:23

Electrophilic Addition of HX to 1,3-Butadiene: Thermodynamic vs Kinetic Control

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The addition of a hydrogen halide to 1,3-butadiene gives a mixture of 1,2- and 1,4-adducts. Since more substituted alkenes are more stable, the 1,4-adduct is expected to be the major product. However, the product distribution is strongly influenced by temperature; low temperature favors the 1,2-adduct, whereas the 1,4-adduct is predominant at high temperature.
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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

13.9K
Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
13.9K
Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

3.8K
Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
3.8K
Radical Reactivity: Concentration Effects01:20

Radical Reactivity: Concentration Effects

1.8K
In a radical reaction, the concentration of starting materials governs the selectivity of a radical. For example, the reaction between an alkyl halide and an alkene, in the presence of tin hydride and AIBN, begins with the generation of a tin radical. The generated radical then abstracts halogen from the alkyl halide, producing an alkyl radical. This alkyl radical can either react with tin hydride, yielding an alkane, or add to an alkene, generating a nitrile-stabilized radical, eventually...
1.8K
Benzene to 1,4-Cyclohexadiene: Birch Reduction Mechanism01:18

Benzene to 1,4-Cyclohexadiene: Birch Reduction Mechanism

2.6K
Birch reduction uses solvated electrons as reducing agents. The reaction converts benzene to 1,4-cyclohexadiene. The reaction proceeds by the transfer of a single electron to the ring to form a benzene radical anion. This anion is highly basic—it abstracts a proton from the alcohol to form a cyclohexadienyl radical. Another single electron transfer gives the cyclohexadienyl anion. A proton transfer from the alcohol forms 1,4-cyclohexadiene. Since this reduction occurs via radical anion...
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Updated: Jan 13, 2026

Tuning the Acidity of Pt/ CNTs Catalysts for Hydrodeoxygenation of Diphenyl Ether
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Controlling Radical Pathways via Valence Engineering of Rh/TiO2 for Selective Jet Fuel Synthesis from Biomass.

Zhiwei Chen1, Hongru Zhou1, Yan Liang1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China.

ACS Nano
|January 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study presents a new method for sustainable jet fuel production from biomass. By controlling radical reactions on TiO2 surfaces, researchers can selectively convert fatty acids into desired hydrocarbons.

Keywords:
BiomassC−C couplingJet fuelPhotocatalysisRadical regulation

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Area of Science:

  • Catalysis
  • Sustainable Chemistry
  • Biomass Conversion

Background:

  • Photocatalytic conversion of biomass offers a sustainable pathway for producing jet fuel.
  • Controlling product selectivity in these reactions is challenging due to radical intermediates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a strategy for selective jet fuel production via photocatalytic decarboxylation of biomass-derived fatty acids.
  • To control radical intermediate pathways for targeted hydrocarbon synthesis.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing TiO2 surfaces and modulating Rhodium (Rh) cocatalyst valence states (Rh3+ and Rh0).
  • Spatially orienting radical intermediates to direct reaction pathways: decarboxylative hydrogenation vs. C-C coupling.
  • Testing conversion of various biomass-derived acids (fatty, aromatic, branched-chain, naphthenic).

Main Results:

  • Achieved selective switching toward jet fuel range hydrocarbons (C8-C18).
  • Oxidized Rh (Rh3+) promoted decarboxylative hydrogenation to C(n-1) alkanes.
  • Reduced Rh (Rh0) facilitated decarboxylative C-C coupling to C(2n-2) alkanes.
  • Demonstrated selective conversion of diverse biomass-derived acids.

Conclusions:

  • A strategy for directing photocatalytic reaction pathways through spatial control of radical intermediates was established.
  • This approach advances sustainable biomass upgrading technologies for jet fuel production.