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Error-based learning in health professions education: AMEE Guide No. 191.
Maryam Alizadeh1, David Taylor2, Cesar Orsini3
1Department of Medical Education, School of Medicine, Health Professions Education Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Medical Teacher
|January 12, 2026
Summary
Error-Based Learning (EBL) transforms health professions education by using errors as opportunities. This guide offers practical strategies for educators and learners to embrace errors, enhancing training and assessment through psychological safety and reflection.
Area of Science:
- Health Professions Education (HPE)
- Medical Education
- Learning Theories
Background:
- Traditional Health Professions Education (HPE) often penalizes errors.
- A shift towards Error-Based Learning (EBL) reframes errors as valuable learning opportunities.
- This guide addresses educators, curriculum designers, clinicians, and learners in HPE.
Purpose of the Study:
- To provide a comprehensive guide on implementing Error-Based Learning (EBL) in Health Professions Education (HPE).
- To contrast Error Management Theory (EMT) with Error Avoidance Theory (EAT).
- To detail core EBL components and practical implementation strategies.
Main Methods:
- Exploration of core EBL components: psychological safety, structured reflection, deliberate error exposure, and feedback.
- Discussion of actionable implementation strategies: simulation-based scenarios with debriefing, case-based reasoning, reflective portfolios, and assessment for learning.
- Review of emerging innovations, including AI and reconceptualized educational tools like 'error rooms'.
Main Results:
- Detailed framework for integrating EBL principles into HPE.
- Practical strategies for fostering a learning environment that embraces errors.
- Identification of future directions and innovations in EBL.
Conclusions:
- Error-Based Learning (EBL) offers a transformative approach to HPE, moving beyond punitive measures.
- Implementing EBL requires a focus on psychological safety, reflection, and structured feedback.
- This guide advocates for a deliberate embrace of errors to optimize learning and assessment in health professions.
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