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Apparent Survival of Territorial Golden Eagles Using Non-Invasive Genetic Profiling.

D Philip Whitfield¹, Brett K Sandercock², Rob Ogden³

¹Natural Research Brathens UK.

Ecology and Evolution

|January 12, 2026

Summary

Male Golden Eagles show significantly lower survival rates than females, impacting conservation strategies. This study pioneered genetic profiling from feathers to estimate survival in this raptor species.

Keywords:

Aquila chrysaetos DNA profiling Scotland breeding dispersal conservation eagle life expectancy mortality population dynamics raptor

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Last Updated: Jan 13, 2026

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Published on: May 24, 2014

Area of Science:

Ecology
Conservation Biology
Genetics

Background:

Population trajectories of large raptors are sensitive to adult survival rates.
Accurate fecundity, maturity, and survivorship estimates are crucial for effective conservation.
Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) conservation requires understanding their survival dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

To estimate apparent survival rates of territorial Golden Eagles in Scotland using DNA profiling.
To investigate the influence of sex and region on Golden Eagle survival.
To establish a novel method for individual identification and survival estimation in this species.

Main Methods:

DNA extracted from moulted feathers to genetically profile individual Golden Eagles.
Feathers collected near nest sites over four years (2006-2009).
Cormack-Jolly-Seber models used to estimate annual apparent survival rates, incorporating sex and regional data.

Main Results:

Male annual apparent survival rates (0.774-0.808) were markedly lower than females (0.878-0.882).
Male encounter rates were lower than females, suggesting less time near nest sites.
No significant difference in survival rates was found between the Outer Hebrides and Inner Hebrides/Highlands regions.

Conclusions:

Sex-specific survival rates are critical for Golden Eagle demography and conservation planning.
The genetic feather-based method provides robust survival estimates for this species.
Future raptor studies should incorporate sex as a key demographic variable.