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Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
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The gut microbiome is formed by a vast and diverse community of bacteria that colonizes our large intestine. These bacteria start residing in the gut from birth and continue diversifying throughout life, influenced by factors such as diet, lifestyle, and stress. The gut bacterial community also includes bacteria from food and those that enter the colon through the anus.
The normal gut flora of the colon plays a critical role in generating essential vitamins such as vitamins K, B5, and B7.
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Paediatric diabetic ketoacidosis-associated acute liver failure in the post-COVID era: A case series.

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Gut microbiome in biliary atresia.

Vandana Jain1

  • 1Pediatric Liver, GI and Nutrition Centre and Mowatlabs, King's College Hospital, London, UK.

World Journal of Pediatric Surgery
|January 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Biliary atresia (BA) is a serious infant liver disease. Gut microbiota changes (dysbiosis) are linked to BA progression and poor outcomes, suggesting new therapeutic targets.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology
  • Microbiome Research
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Biliary atresia (BA) is a progressive infant liver disease and the primary indication for pediatric liver transplantation.
  • Current surgical treatments like Kasai portoenterostomy offer limited long-term success, often leading to cirrhosis.
  • The gut microbiota plays a vital role in immune development and liver health, and is increasingly implicated in BA.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and synthesize current literature on gut microbiota composition in biliary atresia.
  • To explore the relationship between microbial profiles and clinical outcomes in BA patients.
  • To identify potential mechanisms linking gut microbiota to BA pathogenesis and progression.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of existing studies on gut microbiota in biliary atresia.
Keywords:
Child Nutrition SciencesGastroenterology

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  • Analysis of microbial composition before and after Kasai portoenterostomy.
  • Correlation of microbial data with clinical outcomes and potential pathomechanisms.

    • Main Results:

    • Consistent patterns of gut dysbiosis observed in BA patients, including an increase in pathobionts.
    • Depletion of beneficial microbes, such as Bifidobacterium, is a common finding in BA.
    • Microbial profiles are associated with clinical outcomes, suggesting roles in bile acid metabolism, translocation, and immune responses.

    Conclusions:

    • Gut microbiota dysbiosis is a significant factor in biliary atresia pathogenesis and progression.
    • Understanding gut-liver-microbiota interactions is crucial for developing novel therapies.
    • Targeting the gut microbiome may offer a promising strategy to improve native liver survival in BA.