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Related Concept Videos

Urine Studies II: Urine Culture and Sensitivity Test01:26

Urine Studies II: Urine Culture and Sensitivity Test

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A urine culture and sensitivity test is a diagnostic procedure used to identify urinary tract bacterial infections and determine the most effective antibiotics for treatment. This test is generally preferred when a patient shows manifestations of a urinary tract infection, such as frequent or painful urination, cloudy or foul-smelling urine, or lower abdominal pain.Purpose of the TestThe primary goals of a urine culture and sensitivity test are to:Determine the specific bacteria causing the...
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Antimicrobial Effectiveness01:28

Antimicrobial Effectiveness

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The effectiveness of antimicrobial agents depends on various factors influencing their ability to eliminate microbial populations. Larger microbial populations require more time for complete eradication, emphasizing the importance of population size analysis when evaluating antimicrobial efficacy.Microbial resistance to antimicrobial agents varies significantly. Highly resilient microorganisms include endospores, gram-negative bacteria, and non-enveloped viruses, while prions are exceptionally...
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Sputum Studies II: Culture and Sensitivity01:20

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Description
Sputum culture and sensitivity is a medical procedure used to diagnose bacterial infections in the respiratory tract and select the most appropriate antibiotics for treatment. This process involves analyzing sputum samples of thick and opaque secretions produced in the lungs and airways. These samples are collected from patients and then sent to the laboratory for analysis.
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Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management01:28

Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management

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Introduction:For diagnosing acute pyelonephritis, a comprehensive patient history is collected to identify symptoms such as dysuria, frequent or urgent urination, flank pain, or costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness that may suggest a kidney infection.Physical ExaminationDuring the physical examination, CVA tenderness is assessed. This involves gentle percussion over the costovertebral angle, where tenderness often indicates a kidney infection.Diagnostic TestsUrinalysis: Used to identify white...
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Tertiary Healthcare System01:21

Tertiary Healthcare System

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Specialized care provided over an extended period is called tertiary care. Usually, a primary or secondary care physician will refer a patient to tertiary care. A patient's maximum physical and mental function is restored in tertiary care, which is caused due to the impact of a chronic illness or condition. Tertiary care aims to achieve the highest level of functioning possible while managing chronic illness. For example, a patient who falls and fractures their hip will need secondary care...
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Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care01:30

Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

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A healthcare provider can diagnose a urinary tract infection (UTI) through several methods:Medical History and Symptoms: The provider will take a detailed medical history and ask about symptoms such as frequent urination, burning sensation during urination, and lower abdominal pain.Urinalysis: A clean-catch urine sample is collected in a sterile container and tested for the presence of bacteria, white blood cells (leukocytes), nitrites, blood, and protein. The presence of leukocytes and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 13, 2026

Application of the Intelligent High-Throughput Antimicrobial Sensitivity Testing/Phage Screening System and Lar Index of Antimicrobial Resistance
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A Tertiary Care Hospital's Antimicrobial Sensitivity Pattern and Microorganism Spectrum.

Sourabh Kumar Tiwari1, Mansi Gupta1, Neelu Jain1

  • 1Department of Microbiology, Bundelkhand Government Medical College, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India.

Journal of Pharmacy & Bioallied Sciences
|January 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Antimicrobial resistance is a major threat. This study found common bacteria like E. coli and S. aureus, with high rates of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and resistance in Gram-negative bacteria.

Keywords:
Antimicrobial resistanceESBLMRSAmicrobiologymultidrug resistancetertiary care hospital

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Microbiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant global health challenge, particularly in hospitals.
  • Effective empirical treatment relies on understanding local pathogen prevalence and resistance trends.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify microorganisms in clinical samples and their susceptibility to antibiotics.
  • To assess antimicrobial resistance patterns in a tertiary care hospital setting.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional observational study over two years.
  • Standard microbiological techniques for specimen analysis.
  • Antimicrobial susceptibility testing following CLSI guidelines.

Main Results:

  • 85.6% of 4,216 samples yielded microbial growth.
  • Escherichia coli (26.3%) and Staphylococcus aureus (17.0%) were the most frequent isolates.
  • High prevalence of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (62.3%) and significant multidrug resistance (MDR) and ESBL production in Gram-negative bacteria.

Conclusions:

  • Regular antibiogram surveillance is essential.
  • Implementing robust antimicrobial stewardship programs is critical to combat resistance.