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Parametrizing alternating current stimulation for neuromodulation.

Monica Bell Vila1,2, Margaret Koletar2, Adrienne Dorr2

  • 1Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.

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|January 12, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Alternating current stimulation (ACS) modulates neuronal activity based on frequency and amplitude. This neuromodulation, particularly neuronal entrainment, can persist after stimulation, offering pathways for treatment optimization.

Keywords:
in situ electrophysiologyneuromodulationtranscranial alternating current stimulation

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Clinical use of alternating current stimulation (ACS) is limited by varied patient responses.
  • Optimizing ACS requires understanding neuronal responses to stimulation parameters.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Characterize neuronal responses to varying ACS frequencies and amplitudes.
  • Assess the persistence of neuronal activity changes post-stimulation for neuromodulation.
  • Inform ACS optimization pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Subcutaneous ACS delivered to adult rats with concurrent intracortical electrophysiological recording.
  • Analysis of spiking activity, power spectra, and low-frequency to high-frequency phase-amplitude coupling (LF-HF PAC).
  • ACS applied for 1 or 20 minutes.

Main Results:

  • Both ACS durations modulated neuronal firing patterns (rate or entrainment) in a frequency- and amplitude-dependent manner.
  • Increased ACS amplitude/frequency enhanced neuronal entrainment, which persisted post-stimulation.
  • Neuronal entrainment correlated with decreased power and LF-HF PAC, suggesting functional reorganization potential.

Conclusions:

  • ACS can modulate neuronal activity, with entrainment being a key factor for sustained neuromodulation.
  • High-frequency ACS shows potential for facilitating signal integration and functional reorganization.
  • Low-frequency ACS may reduce hypersynchronous activity by increasing spike timing variability.