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Catalysis

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene

The nitration of benzene is an example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. It involves the formation of a very powerful electrophile, the nitronium ion, which is linear in shape. The reaction occurs through the interaction of two strong acids, sulfuric and nitric acid.

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...

Nitriles to Ketones: Grignard Reaction

Nitriles to Ketones: Grignard Reaction

Organomagnesium halides, commonly known as Grignard reagents, convert nitriles to ketones and proceed through a nucleophilic acyl substitution. Nitriles react with a Grignard reagent, followed by an aqueous acid, to yield ketones. The reaction introduces a new carbon–carbon bond. The alkyl–magnesium bond in the Grignard reagent is highly polar, so the alkyl carbon develops a carbanionic character and acts as a nucleophile.
The mechanism begins with a nucleophilic attack by the Grignard...

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Updated: Jan 13, 2026

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Base Metal Catalysis in Nitrene Transfer Reactions.

Hillol Khatua¹, Anogh Ghosh¹, Subrata Das¹

¹Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008 Maharashtra, India.

Chemical Reviews

|January 12, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Base metal catalysis enables sustainable synthesis of amine building blocks via nitrene transfer reactions (NTRs). This review details 3d metal catalysts (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu) for X-N bond formation, exploring reactivity and selectivity.

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Published on: July 30, 2017

Area of Science:

Organic Chemistry
Catalysis
Sustainable Synthesis

Background:

Nitrene transfer reactions (NTRs) are crucial for forming X-N bonds (X = C, N, P, S).
3d metal catalysis has gained prominence in organic synthesis over four decades.
Base metal catalysts offer a sustainable alternative to precious metals.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the use of base metal complexes (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu) in NTRs.
To discuss the control of reaction pathways for X-N bond formation.
To elucidate mechanistic rationale and catalyst performance.

Main Methods:

Comprehensive review of literature on base metal-catalyzed NTRs.
Analysis of various nitrene precursors and their transformations.
Discussion of mechanistic studies for 3d metal systems.

Main Results:

Detailed examination of exemplary and pioneering syntheses using base metal catalysts.
Elucidation of reactivity, regioselectivity, chemoselectivity, and enantioselectivity.
Identification of limitations and opportunities in base metal-catalyzed NTRs.

Conclusions:

Base metal catalysis provides a sustainable and robust approach to amine building blocks via NTRs.
Understanding mechanistic pathways is key to optimizing catalyst performance.
Further research can expand the scope and efficiency of these transformations.