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Related Concept Videos

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

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Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
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Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

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Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
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Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy01:15

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The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
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Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

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The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
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Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways01:28

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Insulin action is mediated through a receptor tyrosine kinase, akin to the IGF-1 receptor. The number of receptors per cell varies significantly, from 40 on erythrocytes to 300,000 on adipocytes and hepatocytes. The insulin receptor consists of linked α/β subunit dimers, forming a heterotetramer glycoprotein with two extracellular α subunits and two β subunits spanning the membrane. The α subunits inhibit the inherent tyrosine kinase activity of the β subunits, but...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 13, 2026

A Multi-Parametric Islet Perifusion System within a Microfluidic Perifusion Device
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A Wearable, Dual Closed-loop Insulin Delivery System for Precision Diabetes Management.

Xuecheng He1,2, Wei Huang1, Wensheng Lin1

  • 1Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|January 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces DuoLoop, a dual closed-loop system for safer diabetes management. It combines continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) with glucose-responsive insulin for improved blood glucose control and reduced hypoglycemia risks.

Keywords:
diabetic managementdigital healthcaredual closed‐loopinsulinwearable AI

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Diabetes Technology
  • Wearable Health Systems

Background:

  • Effective blood glucose management is crucial globally.
  • Traditional diabetes care often involves separate glucose monitoring and insulin delivery.
  • Continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) enable closed-loop systems but pose safety risks from inaccurate readings, potentially causing hypoglycemia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and evaluate a novel dual closed-loop insulin delivery system (DuoLoop).
  • To mitigate safety risks associated with CGM-controlled insulin delivery systems.
  • To enhance precision diabetes care through improved safety and efficacy.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a dual closed-loop system integrating CGM-controlled insulin delivery and glucose-responsive insulin (GRI) release.
  • Training and embedding a customized algorithm into wearable CGMs for edge computing.
  • Preliminary in vivo testing to assess system safety and performance.

Main Results:

  • The DuoLoop system demonstrated improved safety in preliminary in vivo tests.
  • Achieved longer normoglycemia durations (98.82%) compared to traditional CGM-controlled systems (92.10%).
  • Indicated potential for enhanced diabetes management and patient safety.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed DuoLoop system offers a promising approach to mitigate hypoglycemia risks in closed-loop diabetes management.
  • Edge computing with customized algorithms enhances the safety of wearable diabetes devices.
  • DuoLoop encourages the deployment of advanced systems for precision diabetes care.