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Updated: Jan 13, 2026

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Association Between Zinc Deficiency and Risk of Thyroid Cancer: A Multi-Institutional Cohort Study.

Kuo-Chuan Hung1,2, Ting-Sian Yu3, Yi-Chen Lai1,2

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Zinc deficiency (ZD) is linked to increased thyroid cancer risk in women but not men. This sex-specific association suggests ZD may be a modifiable risk factor for women, requiring further research.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Nutritional Science

Background:

  • Zinc is vital for thyroid hormone metabolism and antioxidant functions.
  • The link between zinc deficiency and thyroid cancer is not well-established due to limited, inconsistent, and cross-sectional study data.
  • A large-scale retrospective cohort study is needed to explore this association longitudinally.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the longitudinal association between zinc deficiency and thyroid cancer risk.
  • To determine if zinc deficiency is a sex-specific risk factor for thyroid cancer.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective cohort study was conducted using the TriNetX Research Network.
  • 96,497 propensity score-matched pairs of adults with serum zinc measurements (2010-2023) were analyzed.
  • Zinc deficiency was defined as serum zinc <70 μg/dL; normal status was 70-120 μg/dL. Analyses controlled for confounders.

Main Results:

  • Overall, no significant association was found between zinc deficiency and thyroid cancer at 5 or 10 years.
  • Sex-stratified analyses revealed a significantly increased thyroid cancer risk in women with zinc deficiency at both 5 years (HR 1.37) and 10 years (HR 1.38).
  • Men with zinc deficiency showed no significant association with thyroid cancer risk.

Conclusions:

  • Zinc deficiency may be a sex-specific modifiable risk factor for thyroid cancer in women.
  • Further mechanistic studies are warranted to understand this observed sex-specific association.