Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Meiosis vs. Mitosis02:57

Meiosis vs. Mitosis

69.2K
Cell division is necessary for growth and reproduction in organisms. Mitosis aids cell growth and development by dividing somatic cells. In contrast, meiosis causes the division of germ cells and plays an essential role in sexual reproduction. Due to their unique functional requirements, mitosis and meiosis differ from each other in multiple aspects.
Before the start of mitosis and meiosis I, the cell synthesizes DNA, resulting in two homologous copies of each chromosome. DNA synthesis is...
69.2K
Oogenesis02:07

Oogenesis

68.9K
In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...
68.9K
Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

3.9K
The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
3.9K
Animal Mitochondrial Genetics02:59

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics

8.9K
Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
8.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Preconception cardiometabolic markers and odds of developing adverse pregnancy outcomes: Results from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL).

American journal of preventive cardiology·2026
Same author

Indirect effect, through aspects of neighborhood affluence and racial/ethnic composition, of receiving a Section 8 voucher on the prevalence of psychiatric disorders among boys and girls in the Moving to Opportunity study.

Research square·2026
Same author

Paternal age and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a spline analysis from the nulliparous pregnancy outcomes study: monitoring mothers-to-be study.

The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians·2026
Same author

Menopause and Its Implications for Stroke in Women.

Stroke·2026
Same author

Stroke in Pregnancy.

International journal of stroke : official journal of the International Stroke Society·2026
Same author

Cardiometabolic Health in Pregnancy: Prevention, Management, and Long-Term Implications.

JACC. Advances·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 13, 2026

Generating a Reproducible Model of Mid-Gestational Maternal Immune Activation using PolyI:C to Study Susceptibility and Resilience in Offspring
09:09

Generating a Reproducible Model of Mid-Gestational Maternal Immune Activation using PolyI:C to Study Susceptibility and Resilience in Offspring

Published on: August 17, 2022

2.2K

Maternal Pregnancy Outcomes and Offspring Risk of Adult-Onset Multiple Sclerosis.

Katrin Wolfova1,2, Bo Lars Engdahl3, Julie Horn4,5

  • 1Department of Neurology, Columbia University, Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York.

JAMA Neurology
|January 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Maternal diabetes and being born large for gestational age (LGA) increase the risk of adult-onset multiple sclerosis (MS). Conversely, being born small for gestational age (SGA) is associated with a lower risk of MS. These findings highlight potential prenatal influences on MS susceptibility.

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: Studying the Impact of Maternal Dietary Deficiencies on Long-Term Offspring Health Outcomes
03:19

Author Spotlight: Studying the Impact of Maternal Dietary Deficiencies on Long-Term Offspring Health Outcomes

Published on: June 28, 2024

717
Induction of Maternal Immune Activation in Mice at Mid-gestation Stage with Viral Mimic PolyI:C
07:13

Induction of Maternal Immune Activation in Mice at Mid-gestation Stage with Viral Mimic PolyI:C

Published on: March 25, 2016

19.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 13, 2026

Generating a Reproducible Model of Mid-Gestational Maternal Immune Activation using PolyI:C to Study Susceptibility and Resilience in Offspring
09:09

Generating a Reproducible Model of Mid-Gestational Maternal Immune Activation using PolyI:C to Study Susceptibility and Resilience in Offspring

Published on: August 17, 2022

2.2K
Author Spotlight: Studying the Impact of Maternal Dietary Deficiencies on Long-Term Offspring Health Outcomes
03:19

Author Spotlight: Studying the Impact of Maternal Dietary Deficiencies on Long-Term Offspring Health Outcomes

Published on: June 28, 2024

717
Induction of Maternal Immune Activation in Mice at Mid-gestation Stage with Viral Mimic PolyI:C
07:13

Induction of Maternal Immune Activation in Mice at Mid-gestation Stage with Viral Mimic PolyI:C

Published on: March 25, 2016

19.5K

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) concordance rates in twins suggest prenatal and perinatal factors influence risk.
  • Few large-scale studies have investigated the impact of adverse maternal pregnancy outcomes on offspring MS risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine associations between adverse pregnancy outcomes and the risk of adult-onset multiple sclerosis (MS) in offspring.
  • Investigated preterm birth, small for gestational age (SGA), large for gestational age (LGA), hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP), placental abruption, and maternal diabetes.

Main Methods:

  • A closed cohort study utilized Norwegian national registers, including over 1.3 million live births from 1967-1989.
  • Cox models estimated associations between pregnancy outcomes and MS in individuals aged 18+.
  • Follow-up occurred from 2009 to 2019, identifying 4,295 MS cases.

Main Results:

  • Being born large for gestational age (LGA) was associated with a 13% increased risk of MS (HR 1.13, 95% CI 1.03-1.25).
  • Maternal diabetes exposure showed a 2.15-fold increased risk of MS (HR 2.15, 95% CI 1.37-3.37).
  • Being born small for gestational age (SGA) was associated with a reduced risk of MS (HR 0.88, 95% CI 0.78-0.98). Preterm birth, HDP, and placental abruption were not significantly associated with MS risk.

Conclusions:

  • Adverse pregnancy outcomes, specifically LGA birth and maternal diabetes, are linked to increased adult MS risk.
  • SGA birth may be associated with a decreased risk of MS.
  • Findings suggest that susceptibility to MS may originate during the prenatal period, underscoring the importance of pregnancy health in neurodevelopmental outcomes.