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Updated: May 3, 2026

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The left-digit bias in two-dimensional manual pointing.

Carlotta Isabella Zona¹, Martin H Fischer¹

¹Potsdam Embodied Cognition Group, Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam.

Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition

|January 12, 2026

Summary

The left-digit bias (LDB) causes people to perceive numbers with the same leading digit as closer. This cognitive bias affects spatial localization, compressing number representations regardless of visual feedback.

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Area of Science:

Cognitive Psychology
Human Perception
Numerical Cognition

Background:

The left-digit bias (LDB) influences numerical comparisons, making numbers with identical leading digits seem closer.
Previous research established LDB in nonspatial and number-to-position tasks.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the motoric effects of LDB in spatial localization tasks.
To determine if LDB influences angular measures of number representation in circular space.
To examine the role of visual feedback in LDB manifestation during spatial localization.

Main Methods:

Participants localized spoken numbers (1-12.5) on a clock-face arrangement.
Spatial localization was measured using angular responses in circular space.
The task was conducted with and without visual feedback to assess its influence.

Main Results:

A significant left-digit bias was observed, with numbers sharing the same leading digit localized closer together angularly.
This effect persisted regardless of the presence or absence of visual feedback.
LDB manifested as a compression of decimal targets towards the lower boundary of their respective digit categories.

Conclusions:

The left-digit bias robustly impacts spatial localization, extending its influence to angular measures.
Findings suggest cognitive, rather than perceptual, origins for LDB.
The bias is characterized by an overweighting of leading digits, compressing numerical representations towards lower same-digit boundaries.