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Related Concept Videos

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Clinical manifestationsPeripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) manifests through a range of symptoms, from the characteristic intermittent claudication to atypical presentations and severe complications in advanced stages. Intermittent claudication, a hallmark symptom of PAD, presents as exercise-induced muscle pain that typically resolves within minutes of rest. This pain is reproducible and stems from inadequate blood flow, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid produced during anaerobic...
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Palpation involves feeling the body to evaluate texture, size, consistency, and tenderness for assessing cardiovascular health. The following steps are organized in a head-to-toe order:
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Non-invasive Assessment of Microvascular and Endothelial Function
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Optical Techniques to Assess Cutaneous Microvascular Function in Cardiovascular Disease.

Inka Mustajoki, Julien Riancho, Tuukka Panula

    IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering
    |January 12, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary

    Optical techniques noninvasively assess skin microcirculation, offering insights into systemic vascular health. This review details various light-based methods and their clinical relevance for understanding microvascular function.

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    Area of Science:

    • Physiology
    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Optical Imaging

    Background:

    • Microcirculation is vital for tissue health and systemic physiological function.
    • Cutaneous microvasculature provides accessible, noninvasive insights into systemic vascular conditions.
    • Existing reviews lack a unified focus on optical techniques for microcirculation or their clinical evidence.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To systematically review optical technologies for assessing cutaneous microvascular function.
    • To bridge the gap between technological innovation and clinical evidence in microcirculation research.
    • To evaluate the clinical relevance and technical maturity of various optical techniques.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of non-coherent light techniques (oximetry, photoplethysmography, microscopy).
    • Review of coherent light techniques (speckle contrast imaging, diffuse correlation spectroscopy, photoacoustic imaging, laser Doppler flowmetry, self-mixing interferometry).
    • Discussion of skin structure, microvasculature, and light-skin interactions.

    Main Results:

    • Comprehensive overview of diverse optical techniques for microvascular assessment.
    • Evaluation of techniques' applicability in cardiovascular research.
    • Analysis of clinical relevance and technical maturity of reviewed methods.

    Conclusions:

    • Optical techniques offer powerful noninvasive tools for evaluating cutaneous microvascular function.
    • These methods provide valuable insights into systemic vascular health and disease.
    • Future directions include multimodal monitoring and machine learning integration.