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Related Concept Videos

Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System VI: Calcium -Scoring CT01:25

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Calcium-Scoring CT ScanA calcium-scoring CT scan, also known as coronary artery calcium (CAC) scan, detects calcium deposits in the coronary arteries. This test assesses the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), which can lead to cardiovascular events such as angina, heart failure, and sudden cardiac arrest.A calcium-scoring CT scan is generally recommended for individuals at intermediate risk of CAD without symptoms. It includes:Men aged 40-75 and women aged 50-75: Especially those with a...
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Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System V: CT01:28

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Cardiac computed tomography (CT) scanning is an advanced cardiac imaging technique that utilizes CT technology, with or without intravenous (IV) contrast, to produce accurate cross-sectional virtual slices of specific areas of the heart, coronary circulation, and major blood vessels such as the aorta, pulmonary veins, and arteries. The computer processes these slices to generate three-dimensional images. Multidetector CT (MDCT) is a rapid form of CT scanning that captures multiple slices...
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Coronary Artery Disease V: Interprofessional Care01:27

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Interprofessional care for coronary artery disease includes pharmacological therapy and revascularization procedures.Pharmacological therapy for Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) aims to manage symptoms, prevent complications, and improve patient outcomes through various classes of medications:Antiplatelet Agents:Aspirin and Clopidogrel: These medications inhibit platelet aggregation, preventing blood clots, which is crucial for avoiding heart attacks and strokes. Doctors often prescribe these...
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Acute Coronary Syndrome III: Diagnostic Studies01:30

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Diagnosing acute coronary syndrome or ACS begins with a thorough patient history. Notable symptoms include central, crushing chest pain radiating to the left arm, neck, jaw, or back, along with shortness of breath, sweating (diaphoresis), nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and palpitations.It is crucial to note any history of cardiac illnesses and assess risk factors, including age, gender, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and a sedentary lifestyle.During physical examination, vital...
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Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System III: X-Ray01:20

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The most common cardiovascular diagnostic test is an X-ray. It produces images of the heart, blood vessels, and adjacent structures.
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An X-ray, or radiograph, is a non-invasive method that uses ionizing radiation to take images of internal structures. It is mainly used in cardiac imaging to examine the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels, aiming to identify abnormalities in the heart's size, shape, and position, such as heart failure, congenital defects, and vascular...
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Coronary Artery Disease IV: Preventive Measures01:26

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Effective preventive measures for coronary artery disease (CAD) focus on controlling modifiable risk factors, including cholesterol abnormalities and lifestyle changes.Cholesterol ManagementFirst, the Mediterranean diet and the American Heart Association advocate for maintaining low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels below 100 mg/dL, with a more stringent recommendation of below 70 mg/dL for individuals at high risk. LDL cholesterol, often termed "bad cholesterol," can lead to the...
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Coronary artery calcium clinical utilization: An update.

Ibrahim Mortada1, Esosa Odigie-Okon1, Afaq Motiwala1

  • 1Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.

Current Problems in Cardiology
|January 12, 2026
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Summary

Coronary artery calcification (CAC) scoring refines cardiovascular risk assessment and guides treatment decisions. Automated CAC assessment in non-gated CT scans expands its use for broader population risk stratification and improved patient outcomes.

Keywords:
Cardiovascular diseaseCoronary artery calcium scorePreventive cardiologyRisk stratification

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Radiology
  • Preventive Medicine

Background:

  • Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a major global health concern.
  • Coronary artery calcification (CAC) quantifies atherosclerotic burden and aids risk stratification.
  • CAC scoring is integrated into primary prevention guidelines.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current tools, evidence, and guidelines for CAC utilization.
  • To highlight CAC's role in risk stratification and optimizing lipid-lowering therapy.
  • To explore the expanding application of CAC assessment through artificial intelligence in non-gated CT scans.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on CAC scoring methods (Agatston, non-gated CT).
  • Analysis of data supporting CAC as a risk refinement tool.
  • Discussion of artificial intelligence and automated CAC assessment in non-gated studies.

Main Results:

  • CAC quantification provides objective subclinical coronary atherosclerosis assessment.
  • CAC scoring refines cardiovascular risk stratification beyond traditional risk factors.
  • Non-gated CT scans and AI enhance CAC assessment accessibility and application.

Conclusions:

  • CAC scoring is a valuable tool for refining cardiovascular risk assessment.
  • CAC aids in guiding lipid-lowering therapy and risk factor modification.
  • Automated CAC assessment in non-gated CT scans broadens its clinical utility for improved patient outcomes.