Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 14, 2026
08:46
Preparation and Reactivity of a Triphosphenium Bromide Salt: A Convenient and Stable Source of PhosphorusI
Published on: November 22, 2016
8.2K
Phosphonium-Based Metal Halide Semiconductors: When a Single Atom Dictates Water and Thermal Stability
Ali Azmy1, Anamika Mishra1, Anand P Tiwari1
1Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States.
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|January 12, 2026
Summary
New phosphonium-based metal halide semiconductors exhibit exceptional water and thermal stability, outperforming traditional ammonium-based materials. These advancements challenge existing theories on material stability and open new avenues for sensing applications.
Area of Science:
- Materials Science
- Inorganic Chemistry
- Optoelectronics
Background:
- Metal halide semiconductors (MHS) are crucial for optoelectronic applications but often suffer from poor stability.
- Ammonium-based MHS have limitations in water and thermal stability.
- Phosphonium-based MHS offer potential for enhanced stability, but systematic studies are lacking.
Purpose of the Study:
- To synthesize and characterize novel phosphonium-based 1D metal halide semiconductors.
- To elucidate the origin of enhanced water and thermal stability in these materials.
- To investigate their optoelectronic properties and potential applications in sensing.
Main Methods:
- Synthesis of nine new 1D (L)PbX3 materials using custom organic phosphonium and ammonium ligands.
- Water stability tests, including long-term immersion (up to 2 years).
- Photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) measurements and electrochemical studies.
Main Results:
- Synthesized nine new 1D phosphonium-based MHS, some exhibiting water stability for up to 2 years.
- Demonstrated that phosphonium-based MHS (e.g., C6-P) significantly outperform ammonium-based analogs (e.g., C6-N) in water stability, challenging existing hypotheses.
- Observed broad light emission at room temperature, with one material showing a PLQY of 22.0%, and identified potential for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) sensing.
Conclusions:
- Phosphonium-based MHS possess remarkable water and thermal stability, surpassing conventional ammonium-based materials.
- The origin of this enhanced stability is not solely due to crystal packing or hydrogen bonding, necessitating revised understanding.
- These stable MHS are promising for applications requiring durability in harsh environments and show potential for environmental sensing.
More Related Videos
Related Concept Videos
02:45Alkyl Halides
19.5K
Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
19.5K
02:38Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Halogenation
10.0K
Introduction
Halogenation is another class of electrophilic addition reactions where a halogen molecule gets added across a π bond. In alkynes, the presence of two π bonds allows for the addition of two equivalents of halogens (bromine or chlorine). The addition of the first halogen molecule forms a trans-dihaloalkene as the major product and the cis isomer as the minor product. Subsequent addition of the second equivalent yields the tetrahalide.
Halogenation is another class of electrophilic addition reactions where a halogen molecule gets added across a π bond. In alkynes, the presence of two π bonds allows for the addition of two equivalents of halogens (bromine or chlorine). The addition of the first halogen molecule forms a trans-dihaloalkene as the major product and the cis isomer as the minor product. Subsequent addition of the second equivalent yields the tetrahalide.
10.0K
03:01Halogens
23.3K
Group 17 elements, known as halogens, are nonmetals. At room temperature, fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, and iodine a solid. Astatine is a highly unstable radioactive element, so currently, most of its properties are unknown due to its short half-life. Tennessine is a synthetic element also predicted to be in this group.
23.3K
01:09Complexation Equilibria: Factors Influencing Stability of Complexes
786
In complexation reactions, metal cations are the electron pair acceptors, and the ligands are the electron pair donors. The stability of the metal complexes depends primarily on the complexing ability of the central metal ion and the nature of the ligands. Generally, the complexing ability of the metal ion depends on the size and charge of the ion. As the metal ion size increases, the stability of the metal complexes decreases, provided that the valency of the metal ion and the ligands remain...
786
02:35Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Hydrohalogenation
11.3K
Electrophilic addition of hydrogen halides, HX (X = Cl, Br or I) to alkenes forms alkyl halides as per Markovnikov's rule, where the hydrogen gets added to the less substituted carbon of the double bond. Hydrohalogenation of alkynes takes place in a similar manner, with the first addition of HX forming a vinyl halide and the second giving a geminal dihalide.
11.3K
02:26SN2 Reaction: Transition State
11.7K
An SN2 reaction of an alkyl halide is a single-step process in which bond formation between the nucleophile and the substrate and bond breaking between the substrate and the halide occurs simultaneously through a transition state without forming an intermediate.
When the nucleophile approaches the electrophilic carbon with its lone pairs, the halide acts as a leaving group and moves away with the electron-pair bonded to the carbon. Dotted partial bonds represent the bonds being formed or broken...
When the nucleophile approaches the electrophilic carbon with its lone pairs, the halide acts as a leaving group and moves away with the electron-pair bonded to the carbon. Dotted partial bonds represent the bonds being formed or broken...
11.7K