Combined components: simplifying forward resuscitation - a flow, time and resource analysis of prehospital...

Delivering balanced blood resuscitation at the point of injury remains a significant logistical challenge in prehospital trauma care. To inform optimal transfusion strategies in austere environments, we conducted a simulation-based study comparing the operational demands of three prehospital transfusion approaches.

Three doctor-paramedic teams (six clinicians) undertook a crossover simulation of traumatic haemorrhage, completing all three arms in random order: two units red-cells-in-plasma (RCP), two units red blood cells plus two units thawed fresh frozen plasma (RBC+FFP), and two units red cells plus two units lyophilised plasma (RBC+LyoP). Outcomes were flow time (defined as time from decision-to-transfuse to completion of transfusion of all units), touch time (hands-on time) and process burden (steps, equipment, checks, personnel), timed in real-time and verified on video. A postscenario questionnaire captured user perceptions.

All scenarios were completed without missing data. RCP consistently required the least time and operational effort. Median flow times (min:s) were 06:31 (RCP), 12:20 (RBC+FFP) and 16:29 (RBC+LyoP) (p=0.019). Median touch times (min:s) were 02:31 (RCP), 05:21 (RBC+FFP) and 13:03 (RBC+LyoP) (p=0.017). Touch/flow ratios were lowest for RCP (0.39), indicating reduced cognitive and physical load. Standardised process mapping identified 26 steps for RCP versus 46 for RBC+FFP and 52 for RBC+LyoP, reflecting a single set-up and one repetition for RCP compared with multiple repetitions and added reconstitution steps for LyoP. Equipment (4, 10, 12), checks (8, 16, 16) and personnel required (2, 2, 3) followed the same efficiency gradient. Five of six participants rated RCP as optimal for the patient, and all six for the crew; LyoP was unanimously judged as the most demanding.

In a simulated trauma scenario, a combined RCP component was delivered more quickly and with substantially less process burden than separate components. These operational gains support combined-component strategies for prehospital haemorrhage resuscitation in both military and civilian settings.