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Updated: Jan 14, 2026

Three-dimensional Rendering and Analysis of Immunolabeled, Clarified Human Placental Villous Vascular Networks

Three-dimensional Rendering and Analysis of Immunolabeled, Clarified Human Placental Villous Vascular Networks

Published on: March 29, 2018

Risk Factors and Outcomes Associated With Delayed Villous Maturation in Placenta: A Systematic Review and

Muhammad Pradhiki Mahindra^1,2, Muhammad Pradhika Mapindra^2,3, Hadi Waheed¹

¹Maternal-Fetal Medicine Department, University College London Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Institute for Women's Health, London, UK.

BJOG : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology

|January 13, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Delayed villous maturation (DVM) is linked to maternal diabetes and obesity, increasing risks of stillbirth and preterm birth. Optimizing maternal metabolism may prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with DVM.

Keywords:

delayed villous maturation distal villous immaturity gestational diabetes pregnancy outcomes stillbirth

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Area of Science:

Obstetrics and Gynecology
Perinatology
Pathology

Background:

Delayed villous maturation (DVM) is a placental disorder impacting maternal-fetal oxygen transfer.
This condition is characterized by specific histopathological findings in the placenta.
Understanding DVM's associations is crucial for managing pregnancy complications.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review and meta-analyze risk factors and outcomes of DVM.
To explore study heterogeneities using sensitivity analyses.
To provide evidence-based insights into DVM's clinical significance.

Main Methods:

Systematic search of Medline, EMBASE, Web of Science, and MIDIRS databases.
Inclusion of peer-reviewed observational studies (cohort, case-control, cross-sectional).
Risk of bias assessment using Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and random-effects model for meta-analysis.

Main Results:

Fifty-two studies identified DVM associations.
Risk factors included gestational diabetes (OR=4.90), pregestational diabetes (OR=2.77), and maternal obesity (OR=1.88).
Adverse outcomes included congenital malformations (OR=5.22), stillbirth (OR=4.89), and preterm birth (OR=17.41).

Conclusions:

DVM is associated with maternal dysmetabolism (GDM, PGDM, obesity) and adverse fetal outcomes.
Stillbirth and congenital malformations were linked to DVM, particularly when defined by Amsterdam criteria.
Improving maternal metabolic health may mitigate risks associated with DVM.