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Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography

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Toward an Integrated Perspective Regarding Clinically Significant Labral Injuries in Overhead Throwing Athletes: Form

W Ben Kibler¹, Aaron D Sciascia²

¹Department of Orthopedics-Sports Medicine, Lexington Clinic, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.

The American Journal of Sports Medicine

|January 13, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding the glenoid labrum

Keywords:

anatomy baseball/softball biomechanics of articular cartilage glenoid labrum shoulder

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Area of Science:

Orthopedic Surgery
Sports Medicine
Biomechanics

Background:

Labral injuries in overhead athletes often have inconsistent treatment outcomes.
Deficiencies in understanding labral anatomy and glenohumeral joint (GHJ) mechanics contribute to this issue.
A form-follows-function perspective offers a new approach to evaluating and treating these injuries.

Purpose of the Study:

To review and discuss the mechanical function of the GHJ in overhead athletes.
To examine the glenoid labrum's 3-component anatomy and its role in function.
To explore how labral alterations affect GHJ mechanics and clinical symptoms.

Main Methods:

Review of current literature on GHJ mechanics and labral anatomy.
Application of the form-follows-function principle to understand labral function and dysfunction.
Analysis of how surgical techniques restore labral form and GHJ function.

Main Results:

The glenoid labrum's form is critical for GHJ kinematics, concavity/compression, and stability.
Labral injuries alter GHJ mechanics and contact pressures, leading to symptoms.
Surgical restoration of the labrum's 3-component anatomy can normalize joint mechanics.

Conclusions:

A form-follows-function approach enhances understanding of labral injuries in overhead athletes.
This perspective guides improved evaluation techniques and treatment strategies.
Optimizing labral form through surgery can restore optimal GHJ function.