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Related Concept Videos

Plasmodesmata02:32

Plasmodesmata

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The organs in a multicellular organism’s body are made up of tissues formed by cells. To work together cohesively, cells must communicate. One way that cells communicate is through direct contact with other cells. The points of contact that connect adjacent cells are called intercellular junctions.
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Plasmodesmata01:20

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In a multicellular organism, cells must communicate to work together in a coordinated manner. One way that cells communicate is through direct contact with other cells. The points of contact that connect adjacent cells are called intercellular junctions.
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Contact-dependent Signaling01:19

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Contact-dependent signaling, as the name suggests, requires that communicating cells be in direct contact with each other. This is achieved either through receptor-ligand interactions or by specialized cytoplasmic channels that allow the flow of small molecules between cells. In animal cells, channels called gap junctions facilitate contact-dependent signaling in certain tissues, whereas, plasmodesmata perform a similar function in plants.
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Tonicity in Plants00:53

Tonicity in Plants

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Tonicity describes the capacity of a cell to lose or gain water. It depends on the quantity of solute that does not penetrate the membrane. Tonicity delimits the magnitude and direction of osmosis and results in three possible scenarios that alter the volume of a cell: hypertonicity, hypotonicity, and isotonicity. Due to differences in structure and physiology, tonicity of plant cells is different from that of animal cells in some scenarios.
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Tonicity in Plants01:20

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Plant cells maintain appropriate osmotic balance in extreme conditions. For instance, plants in dry environments store water in vacuoles, limit the opening of their stoma, and have thick, waxy cuticles to prevent unnecessary water loss. Some species of plants that live in salty environments store salt in their roots. As a result, water osmosis occurs in the root from the surrounding soil.
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The Apoplast and Symplast01:46

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Plant growth depends on its ability to take up water and dissolved minerals from the soil. The root system of every plant is equipped with the necessary tissues to facilitate the entry of water and solutes. The plant tissues involved in the transport of water and minerals have two major compartments - the apoplast and the symplast. The apoplast includes everything outside the plasma membrane of living cells and consists of cell walls, extracellular spaces, xylem, phloem, and tracheids. The...
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Updated: Jan 14, 2026

A Strategy to Validate the Role of Callose-mediated Plasmodesmal Gating in the Tropic Response
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Plasmodesmal regulation: context matters.

Leigh-Anne Worthington1, Jung-Youn Lee1

  • 1Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, USA.

Journal of Experimental Botany
|January 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Plants use plasmodesmata for cell communication, regulating their opening via callose. This process is signal-specific, leading to diverse biological outcomes through shared regulatory mechanisms, a key area for future research.

Keywords:
Callosecell signalingcell-to-cell communicationdevelopmentimmunityplasmodesmataplasmodesmata-located proteins

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Multicellular life requires balancing cell unity and autonomy.
  • Plants utilize plasmodesmata, cytoplasmic bridges, for intercellular communication.
  • Plasmodesmata overcome cell wall constraints, enabling local and systemic signaling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the molecular mechanisms regulating plasmodesmal permeability.
  • To explore the context-dependent nature of plasmodesmal regulation.
  • To discuss the integration of signaling pathways in controlling plasmodesmata.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature on plasmodesmata.
  • Analysis of molecular players and regulatory complexes.
  • Discussion of signaling networks and their integration.

Main Results:

  • Plasmodesmal permeability is primarily regulated by callose accumulation and degradation.
  • Callose regulation is signal-specific and mechanistically diverse.
  • Convergent regulation on shared callose mechanisms creates biological specificity.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding plasmodesmata regulation is crucial for plant biology.
  • Regulatory complex assembly and signal integration are key research frontiers.
  • Diverse signaling pathways converge on callose for specific biological outcomes.