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Related Concept Videos

Solvents01:12

Solvents

A solvent is a substance, most often a liquid, that can dissolve other substances. Here, the substance being dissolved is called a solute. When a solvent and a solute combine, they form a solution - a homogenous mixture of both the solvent and the solute. Water is a universal biological solvent. Its polar structure allows it to dissolve many other polar compounds. The ability of water to dissolve is governed by a balance between water molecules binding to each other and binding to the solute.
A...
Solubility Equilibria03:07

Solubility Equilibria

Solubility equilibria are established when the dissolution and precipitation of a solute species occur at equal rates. These equilibria underlie many natural and technological processes, ranging from tooth decay to water purification. An understanding of the factors affecting compound solubility is, therefore, essential to the effective management of these processes. This section applies previously introduced equilibrium concepts and tools to systems involving dissolution and precipitation.
The...
Solubility03:00

Solubility

Solution, Solubility, and Solubility Equilibrium
A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of a solvent, the major component, and a solute, the minor component. The physical state of a solution—solid, liquid, or gas—is typically the same as that of the solvent. Solute concentrations are often described with qualitative terms such as dilute (of relatively low concentration) and concentrated (of relatively high concentration).
In a solution, the solute particles (molecules, atoms, and/or ions)...
Titration in Nonaqueous Solvents01:16

Titration in Nonaqueous Solvents

Most acid-base titrations are performed in an aqueous medium. In aqueous titrations, water competes with weaker acids or bases for proton donation or acceptance, leading to ambiguous endpoints in the titration curve. Water also affects the partial ionization of weak acids or bases. For example, water accepts a proton from acetic acid to form hydronium and acetate ions. The hydronium ion formed is a stronger acid than acetic acid, and the acetate ion is a stronger base than water. As a result,...
Sample Preparation for Analysis: Advanced Techniques01:08

Sample Preparation for Analysis: Advanced Techniques

Accurate analysis of complex samples often requires advanced preparation techniques to achieve reliable and reproducible results. Samples containing inorganic or organic materials can be challenging to dissolve or decompose effectively. Standard sample preparation methods include acid digestion, fusion, dry ashing, and wet digestion.
Acid digestion with strong acids is commonly used to dissolve inorganic materials that are insoluble (do not dissolve) in water. This method can be useful for...
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Lab01:21

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Lab

For AAS measurements, samples must be introduced as clear solutions, often requiring extensive preliminary treatment to dissolve materials like soils, animal tissues, and minerals. Common methods for sample preparation include treatment with hot mineral acids, wet ashing, combustion in closed containers, high-temperature ashing, or fusion with reagents.
 Solutions containing organic solvents, such as low-molecular-mass alcohols, esters, or ketones, enhance absorbances by increasing nebulizer...

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Mapping Nonlinear Solvation at the Air-Organic-Solution Interface Using an Azide Probe.

Sean W Parsons1, Kenneth D Judd1, Dmitry B Eremin1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters
|January 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers quantified interfacial solvation using azide monolayers. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and ethylene glycol (EG) mixtures effectively tuned solvation, offering design principles for controlling interfacial reactions.

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Surface Science
  • Chemical Reactivity

Background:

  • Quantitative understanding of interfacial solvation is limited.
  • Interfacial solvation is crucial for chemical transformations at aqueous boundaries.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify and tune solvation at the air-organic-solution interface.
  • To establish design principles for controlling interfacial reactions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized surface-anchored azide monolayers as molecular probes.
  • Modulated the interface using organic/water mixtures, mixed monolayers with alcohol surfactants, and solute additives (salts, urea, formic acid).

Main Results:

  • Water mixtures with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or ethylene glycol (EG) were most effective for tuning solvation.
  • Mapped nonlinear behavior due to preferential partitioning at the interface.

Conclusions:

  • Developed design principles for controlling interfacial reactions by tuning solvation.
  • Demonstrated the role of preferential partitioning in interfacial reactivity.