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Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

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Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...

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Creating and Applying a Reference to Facilitate the Discussion and Classification of Proteins in a Diverse Group

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Pyrenoid Structure, Function, Evolution, and Characterization Across Diverse Lineages.

James Barrett, Onyou Nam, Mihris I S Naduthodi

¹Centre for Novel Agricultural Products (CNAP), Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom; email: james.barrett@york.ac.uk, onyou.nam@york.ac.uk, mihris.naduthodi@york.ac.uk, luke.mackinder@york.ac.uk.

Annual Review of Plant Biology

|January 13, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Pyrenoids are crucial CO2-fixing organelles. Recent research reveals their structure, function, and evolutionary diversity, offering insights for engineering crops to boost carbon fixation and yield.

Keywords:

CCM CO2-concentrating mechanism algae biomolecular condensates photosynthesis plant engineering pyrenoid

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Area of Science:

Plant biology
Biochemistry
Evolutionary biology

Background:

Pyrenoids are vital CO2-fixing organelles in diverse eukaryotes.
Despite being known for over 200 years, molecular insights are recent.
They play a critical role in global carbon cycling.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advances in pyrenoid structure, function, and evolution.
To outline experimental approaches for studying pyrenoids.
To explore pyrenoids as models for biomolecular condensates and their engineering potential in crops.

Main Methods:

Literature review of recent advances in pyrenoid research.
Analysis of pyrenoid diversity across different plastid lineages (red and green origins).
Discussion of experimental frameworks and model system applications.

Main Results:

Characterization of pyrenoid structure, function, and evolutionary variation.
Identification of pyrenoids as model systems for liquid-liquid phase separation.
Summary of convergent evolution of pyrenoids across diverse lineages.

Conclusions:

Recent molecular understanding of pyrenoids has significantly advanced.
Pyrenoids offer valuable insights into CO2 fixation, biomolecular condensation, and evolutionary processes.
Engineering pyrenoids into crops holds potential for enhanced carbon fixation, yield, and carbon dioxide removal.