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Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Use of Shigella flexneri to Study Autophagy-Cytoskeleton Interactions

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Published on: September 9, 2014

Microneedle array patch delivery of Shigella flexneri 2a GMMA.

Yoona Choi¹, In-Jeong Choi², Doo Hee Shim¹

¹Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.

|January 13, 2026

Summary

A novel microneedle array patch (MAP) combined with Shigella flexneri 2a Generalized Modules for Membrane Antigens (GMMA) vaccines shows promise. This transdermal delivery method elicits robust and durable immune responses, offering a potential alternative to traditional injections for Shigella vaccine development.

Keywords:

C-MAP CoP GMMA LLPC MAP OAg P-MAP SBA Shigella vaccine

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Area of Science:

Vaccinology
Microbiology
Biotechnology

Background:

Shigella infections cause significant global diarrheal mortality.
No approved vaccines are currently available for Shigella.
Generalized Modules for Membrane Antigens (GMMA) is an innovative vaccine platform.

Purpose of the Study:

To combine GMMA technology with microneedle array patches (MAPs) for Shigella vaccine delivery.
To evaluate the stability and immunogenicity of GMMA-loaded MAPs.
To compare transdermal delivery with traditional intramuscular (IM) injection.

Main Methods:

Two types of MAPs (coated and powder-attached) were loaded with Shigella flexneri 2a GMMA.
MAP quality and stability were assessed during manufacturing and storage.
Immunogenicity was evaluated in mice, measuring anti-OAg serum IgG and bactericidal antibodies.

Main Results:

Both coated-MAP (C-MAP) and powder-attached MAP (P-MAP) formats maintained quality and stability for one month.
Both MAP formats elicited comparable anti-OAg serum IgG and bactericidal antibodies to IM injection.
P-MAP demonstrated the strongest long-term immunogenicity.

Conclusions:

Transdermal delivery of Shigella flexneri 2a GMMA using MAPs is feasible.
P-MAP delivery of GMMA induces a robust and durable immune response.
Combining GMMA and MAP technologies presents a promising strategy for Shigella vaccine development.