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Updated: Jan 15, 2026

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Toluene bioconversion into ectoines by halophile mixed microbial cultures.

Nicolás Díaz-Moreno1, Raquel Lebrero1, Sara Cantera1

  • 1Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n, Valladolid 47011, Spain; Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n, Valladolid 47011, Spain.

Journal of Hazardous Materials
|January 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study presents a novel method for converting atmospheric toluene into valuable cosmetic ingredients, ectoine and hydroxyectoine. This bioconversion process efficiently removes toluene while creating high-demand products.

Keywords:
EctoineHigh-value chemicalsHydroxyectoineMixed defined consortiumToluene valorizationVOC

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Microbiology
  • Biotechnology
  • Industrial Chemistry

Background:

  • Toluene is a significant atmospheric pollutant with widespread industrial use.
  • Current toluene treatment methods often lack efficiency and economic viability.
  • Ectoine and hydroxyectoine are high-value compounds with significant market demand in the cosmetic industry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a continuous bioconversion process for toluene elimination.
  • To valorize toluene into commercially relevant ectoine and hydroxyectoine.
  • To identify microbial consortia and pathways involved in toluene bioconversion.

Main Methods:

  • Continuous bioreactor cultivation for toluene bioconversion.
  • Quantification of ectoine and hydroxyectoine production.
  • Measurement of toluene elimination capacities and biomass concentration.
  • Metagenomic analysis to identify microbial communities and metabolic pathways.

Main Results:

  • Achieved specific ectoine and hydroxyectoine content of 27.3 mg g TSS⁻¹.
  • Demonstrated toluene elimination capacities of 7.2 ± 1.9 g m⁻³ h⁻¹.
  • Reached a maximum biomass concentration of 1.8 g L⁻¹.
  • Identified microbial genera (Paenibacillus, Rhodococcus, Microbacterium, Gordonia) involved in toluene degradation and ectoine synthesis.
  • Observed a shift in production from ectoine to hydroxyectoine, reaching a combined 71.2 mg L⁻¹.

Conclusions:

  • A metabolically diverse microbial consortium can efficiently degrade toluene and convert it into ectoine and hydroxyectoine.
  • Metabolic synergies within the consortium enhance toluene elimination and product yield.
  • This bioconversion offers a sustainable route for industrial innovation, transforming a pollutant into high-value chemicals.