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Updated: Jan 15, 2026

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A novel landmark-based morphometric approach for sequencing typical thoracic vertebrae.

Myrsini Voulgari1, Ioanna Anastopoulou2, Elena Kranioti3

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, Kean University, 1000 Morris Ave, Union, NJ, 07083, USA.

Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine
|January 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Forensic anthropologists can now sequence thoracic vertebrae using 3D geometric morphometrics. This new method improves accuracy for identifying T2-T9 vertebrae, aiding in complex cases.

Keywords:
3D geometric morphometricsComminglingForensic anthropologyGreeceSequencingTypical thoracic vertebrae

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Area of Science:

  • Forensic Anthropology
  • Bioarchaeology
  • 3D Imaging Technology

Background:

  • Sequencing thoracic vertebrae (T2-T9) is challenging due to minimal morphological differences.
  • Current methods rely on subjective interpretation and expertise.
  • Difficulties are amplified in cases of commingled remains or severe trauma.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a novel method for accurate thoracic vertebrae sequencing.
  • To utilize 3D geometric morphometric analysis for objective bone identification.
  • To enhance forensic anthropological casework involving skeletal remains.

Main Methods:

  • Collected 3D scans of 98 individuals' thoracic vertebrae from Greek skeletal assemblages.
  • Applied 3D geometric morphometrics, placing 28 landmarks on each vertebra.
  • Compared individual vertebra shapes against a reference sample for identification.

Main Results:

  • The 3D geometric morphometric method achieved high identification rates for most thoracic vertebrae.
  • Vertebra T2 demonstrated the highest identification accuracy.
  • Vertebra T6 showed the lowest identification accuracy, with rates below 50%.

Conclusions:

  • 3D geometric morphometrics offers a promising, objective tool for thoracic vertebrae sequencing.
  • The method shows potential for improving accuracy in forensic anthropology.
  • Further validation across diverse skeletal samples is recommended.