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Enabling Anti-inflammatory Activity through Hyaluronan-coated PLGA Nanoparticles Loaded with Carvacrol.

Saniya Salathia1, Dimitrios Agas2, Maria Rosa Gigliobianco3

  • 1School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, ChIP Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project Research Centre, Via Madonna Delle Carceri, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy.

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|January 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Hyaluronic acid-coated nanoparticles effectively deliver carvacrol (CVL) to target macrophages, reducing chronic inflammation. This targeted drug delivery system enhances anti-inflammatory responses for treating inflammatory diseases.

Keywords:
chronic inflammationdrug deliveryhyaluronic acidmacrophagespolymers

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Chronic inflammation involves excessive cytokine production and macrophage infiltration, driving disease progression.
  • Carvacrol (CVL) is a natural PPAR-γ activator with anti-inflammatory properties, but its therapeutic efficacy is limited by delivery challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a hyaluronic acid (HA)-coated poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanoparticle system for targeted delivery of carvacrol (CVL).
  • To enhance the anti-inflammatory efficacy of CVL by improving its local delivery and macrophage targeting via CD44 receptor interaction.

Main Methods:

  • PLGA nanoparticles encapsulating CVL (CP NPs) were prepared and coated with HA to form CHP NPs.
  • Physicochemical properties, encapsulation efficiency, and drug release kinetics were evaluated.
  • Cellular uptake and cytokine modulation in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages were assessed.

Main Results:

  • CHP NPs demonstrated enhanced cellular uptake (41% increase) and sustained CVL release over 21 days.
  • Treatment with CHP NPs significantly increased anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1ra, IL-4, IL-10) by up to 260%.
  • Pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α) were significantly reduced by up to 36%.

Conclusions:

  • HA-coated PLGA nanoparticles provide an effective platform for targeted CVL delivery to macrophages.
  • This strategy significantly enhances anti-inflammatory responses, offering a promising approach for managing chronic inflammation-related diseases.