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Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
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Assessing the gastrointestinal (GI) system is a complex process that begins with collecting subjective data. This data, collected through patient interviews, provides crucial insights into the patient's health history, perception patterns, and lifestyle habits, all contributing significantly to GI health.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 15, 2026

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Empagliflozin Perception Mapping Survey.

Rajiv Kovil1, Vijay Panikar2, Jothydev Kesavadev3

  • 1Diabetes and Endocrinology, Zandra Healthcare, Mumbai, IND.

Cureus
|January 14, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Indian physicians recognize empagliflozin

Keywords:
chronic kidney diseaseempagliflozinheart failurephysician perceptionssglt2 inhibitorstype 2 diabetes mellitus

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Endocrinology
  • Nephrology

Background:

  • Heart failure (HF) is a common, often undetected, comorbidity in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
  • Empagliflozin, a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, offers proven cardiovascular and renal benefits, supported by international guidelines.
  • Barriers to empagliflozin adoption include diagnostic challenges, cost, and clinician familiarity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess Indian physician perceptions and prescribing practices of empagliflozin in T2DM patients.
  • To identify awareness of empagliflozin's benefits and barriers to its use in diverse T2DM profiles.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based survey of physicians managing T2DM.
  • Data collected on demographics, HF risk assessment, SGLT2 inhibitor prescribing, perceived benefits, and barriers.
  • Descriptive analysis of anonymized physician responses.

Main Results:

  • Physicians acknowledged underdiagnosis of HF in T2DM and recognized empagliflozin's role in cardio-renal comorbidities.
  • Frequent empagliflozin use reported in T2DM with cardiovascular risk factors, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), and chronic kidney disease (CKD).
  • Prescribing trends reflected empagliflozin's benefits in heart failure with reduced (HFrEF) and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).
  • Cost, guideline awareness, and therapeutic inertia were identified as barriers.

Conclusions:

  • Indian physicians show strong awareness and guideline-concordant prescribing of empagliflozin for T2DM with cardio-renal complications.
  • Under-recognition of asymptomatic HF and variability in CKD management necessitate targeted education and policy initiatives.
  • Enhancing evidence-based practice requires addressing these identified gaps.