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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

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The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
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Lattice Centering and Coordination Number02:33

Lattice Centering and Coordination Number

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The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
Types of Unit Cells
Imagine taking a large number of identical...
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Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

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Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
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Hyperspectral Imaging as a Tool to Study Optical Anisotropy in Lanthanide-Based Molecular Single Crystals
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Unit Symmetry-Breaking and Layered Linear Ordering Enabling Superior Short-Wave Ultraviolet Birefringent Crystal.

Xin Wen1, Dequan Kong2, Jingyao Lu2

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials and Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|January 14, 2026
PubMed
Summary

New crystals with large birefringence were synthesized using a novel design strategy. These materials offer enhanced polarization modulation for short-wave ultraviolet applications.

Keywords:
BirefringenceGuanylureaShort‐wave ultravioletSymmetry‐breaking strategyTwo‐dimensional and linear arrangement

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Using Microwave and Macroscopic Samples of Dielectric Solids to Study the Photonic Properties of Disordered Photonic Bandgap Materials
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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Crystallography
  • Optics

Background:

  • Large birefringence in short-wave ultraviolet (200-280 nm) crystals is crucial for polarization modulation but remains scarce.
  • Crystal optical anisotropy is heavily influenced by the spatial arrangement of microscopic functional units.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a design concept for achieving large birefringence by constructing two-dimensional and linear crystal structures.
  • To synthesize novel crystals with enhanced birefringence for optical applications.

Main Methods:

  • A symmetry-breaking strategy was employed to extend triangular π-conjugated groups to functional groups with large anisotropic polarization, including nitrite [NO2]-, carboxylate [COOH]-, methylguanidinium [C2N3H8]+, and guanylurea [C2N4H7O]+.
  • Two crystals, [C2N3H8]NO2 and [C2N4H7O]COOH, were synthesized using hydrogen bonding to achieve ideal linear ordering.

Main Results:

  • The synthesized crystals, [C2N3H8]NO2 and [C2N4H7O]COOH, exhibited significantly enhanced birefringence values of 0.331 and 0.413 at 546 nm, respectively.
  • [C2N4H7O]COOH demonstrated a rare combination of a wide bandgap and superior birefringence in the short-wave ultraviolet region.
  • Centimeter-sized single crystals of the synthesized materials were successfully obtained.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed design concept of constructing linear arrangement structures effectively enhances birefringence in crystals.
  • The synthesized [C2N3H8]NO2 and [C2N4H7O]COOH crystals are promising candidate materials for polarization state modulation in the short-wave ultraviolet range.
  • This research offers novel strategies for designing high-birefringence crystals.