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Updated: Jan 15, 2026

The Frequency Domain Thermoreflectance Technique for Thermal Property Measurements
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A frequency-modulated 3ω method (FM-3ω) for thermal conductivity measurements.

Aidan Belanger1, Zlatan Akšamija1

  • 1Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0063, USA.

The Review of Scientific Instruments
|January 14, 2026
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Summary

A new frequency-modulated 3ω (FM-3ω) method directly measures thermal conductivity derivatives, reducing measurement time from hours to minutes. This innovation accelerates thermal transport science for thin films and multilayer structures.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Thermal Transport

Background:

  • The 3ω technique is standard for measuring thermal conductivity in various materials.
  • Traditional methods require extensive frequency sweeps and data processing, which is time-consuming and prone to noise amplification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a faster and more accurate method for thermal conductivity measurements.
  • To eliminate post-processing steps in the 3ω technique.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a frequency-modulated 3ω (FM-3ω) method.
  • Sinusoidally varied the excitation current's frequency (ω) over time.
  • Directly measured the derivative of the 3ω signal.

Main Results:

  • Reduced measurement time from hours to minutes.
  • Achieved comparable accuracy to traditional methods on sapphire and borofloat 33 samples.
  • Demonstrated agreement between FM-3ω results and traditional linear fit methods.

Conclusions:

  • The FM-3ω method offers a significant advancement in thermal conductivity measurements.
  • This technique increases the ease and pace of characterizing thin films and multilayer structures.
  • Frequency modulation and tandem demodulation provide direct temperature derivative measurement.