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Boundary extension during naturalistic viewing.

Akseli Pullinen1,2,3, Riikka Mononen1,4, Jaana Simola5,6

  • 1Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland.

Journal of Vision
|January 14, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Boundary extension, a memory phenomenon, was tested in naturalistic virtual reality environments. Findings show this memory effect occurs beyond simple 2D images, generalizing to real-world viewing behaviors.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Human-Computer Interaction
  • Virtual Reality Research

Background:

  • Boundary extension describes memory recall exceeding visual field limits.
  • Most prior research used 2D images, limiting real-world applicability.
  • Generalizability to naturalistic 3D environments remained under-investigated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate boundary extension in 3D virtual reality environments.
  • To determine if boundary extension occurs with naturalistic viewing behavior.
  • To assess the role of visible boundaries in eliciting boundary extension.

Main Methods:

  • A virtual reality experiment with 60 participants exploring 20 naturalistic 3D indoor environments.
  • Participants viewed scenes, then returned to match their original viewpoint.
  • Free visual exploration and movement within the virtual environments were allowed.

Main Results:

  • Participants' final viewpoints indicated wider fields of view than initial views, confirming boundary extension.
  • The effect was more pronounced for close-up views.
  • Boundary extension was greater when movement was forward from a wider field of view.

Conclusions:

  • Boundary extension is not limited to 2D stimuli and generalizes to naturalistic 3D viewing.
  • The phenomenon can occur without visible image boundaries.
  • Virtual reality provides a viable method for studying memory phenomena in ecologically valid settings.