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Single-use microneedle biosensor for detecting clinically relevant glucose in interstitial fluid.

Khaled Mohammed Saifullah1, Zahra Faraji Rad2

  • 1School of Engineering, University of Southern Queensland, Queensland, 4300, Australia.

Biosensors & Bioelectronics
|January 14, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study presents a novel microneedle biosensor for minimally invasive glucose monitoring in interstitial fluid. The system offers reliable glucose quantification from small fluid volumes, advancing diabetes management technology.

Keywords:
Electrochemical sensingGlucose biosensorInterstitial fluidPoint-of-care diagnosticsScreen-printed electrodesSwellable microneedles

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Biosensors
  • Diabetes Technology

Background:

  • Current diabetes management relies on invasive methods or complex devices.
  • There is a need for minimally invasive, reliable glucose monitoring in interstitial fluid (ISF).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a complete biosensing system using microneedles (MN) and screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) for ISF glucose monitoring.
  • To optimize ISF collection and evaluate the biosensor's performance.

Main Methods:

  • A novel swellable biocompatible microneedle array was combined with chemically modified screen-printed electrodes.
  • ISF collection was optimized using a customized applicator with variable vibration.
  • The biosensor performance was evaluated in vitro and ex vivo using Prussian Blue/chitosan-SWCNT/GOx/Nafion-modified SPEs.

Main Results:

  • Optimized ISF collection yielded up to 7.06 μL within 5 minutes.
  • The modified SPE demonstrated high sensitivity (12.26 μA mM⁻¹ cm⁻²) and a low detection limit (0.08 mM) with excellent selectivity.
  • In vitro and ex vivo tests showed strong linearity (R² = 0.989 and 0.978) and good recovery rates.

Conclusions:

  • The minimally invasive MN SPE platform enables reliable glucose quantification from microliter ISF volumes.
  • This technology shows significant potential for future multi-biomarker, point-of-care diabetes monitoring.