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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria, utilizing their genetic material to hijack host cellular machinery for replication. DNA bacteriophages employ single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) or double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genomes. These phages exhibit diverse replication strategies and host interactions, influencing their ecological roles and applications in biotechnology and medicine.ssDNA BacteriophagesssDNA phages, with their small genomes, utilize unique strategies to...
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Bacteriophages, also known as phages, are specialized viruses that infect bacteria. A key characteristic of phages is their distinctive “head-tail” morphology. A phage begins the infection process (i.e., lytic cycle) by attaching to the outside of a bacterial cell. Attachment is accomplished via proteins in the phage tail that bind to specific receptor proteins on the outer surface of the bacterium. The tail injects the phage’s DNA genome into the bacterial cytoplasm. In the...
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Lysogenic Cycle of Bacteriophages00:43

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UpRoi1 - the phage-derived microRNA-size non-coding RNA molecule regulating both phage and its bacterial host

Sylwia Bloch1, Natalia Lewandowska2, Joanna Zwolenkiewicz-Nowak3

  • 1Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, Gdansk, Poland; BNF - New Bio Force Ltd., Kartuska 420a, Gdańsk, Poland.

Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. Gene Regulatory Mechanisms
|January 14, 2026
PubMed
Summary

A novel phage small RNA (sRNA), UpRoi1, regulates bacterial motility and phage lytic cycle. This unusual prokaryotic sRNA shares similarities with eukaryotic microRNAs, impacting phage and host gene expression.

Keywords:
AntirepressionBacterial motilityBacteriophageGene expressionLytic cycleMicroRNANon-coding sRNA

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Virology

Background:

  • Bacteriophages, viruses that infect bacteria, play crucial roles in microbial ecosystems.
  • Small RNAs (sRNAs) are key regulators of gene expression in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
  • Shiga toxin-converting phages are significant pathogens, and their regulatory mechanisms are of great interest.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and characterize a novel small RNA (sRNA) encoded by the phage Φ24B.
  • To investigate the regulatory role of this sRNA in phage-host interactions and bacterial processes.
  • To explore the potential similarities between this phage sRNA and eukaryotic microRNAs.

Main Methods:

  • Prophage induction and subsequent molecular identification of the sRNA.
  • Bioinformatic analysis to predict interaction sites.
  • RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to assess gene expression changes.
  • RNA binding assays to confirm direct interactions with target mRNAs.
  • Analysis of the role of RNA chaperone protein ProQ.

Main Results:

  • Identification of UpRoi1, a 30-nucleotide sRNA encoded by phage Φ24B.
  • UpRoi1 significantly impacts host gene expression, particularly affecting bacterial motility.
  • UpRoi1 directly binds to phage antirepressor mRNA and the bacterial flgL mRNA, influencing phage lytic cycle.
  • Similarities were observed between UpRoi1 and herpesviral microRNAs.

Conclusions:

  • UpRoi1 is an unusual prokaryotic sRNA with a significant regulatory role in phage-host interactions.
  • This sRNA influences bacterial motility and facilitates the phage's switch to the lytic cycle.
  • The findings suggest the presence of microRNA-like molecules in Shiga toxin-converting phages, with implications for understanding phage biology and pathogenesis.