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Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
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Rainfall sustains multiyear La Niña.

Feng Tian1,2, Rong-Hua Zhang3,4, Chuanyu Liu5,6

  • 1Key Laboratory of Ocean Observation and Forecasting & Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China. tianfeng@qdio.ac.cn.

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|January 14, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Multiyear La Niña events are increasing. This study reveals how rainfall reduction and mixed-layer salinity (MLS) anomalies create a feedback loop, reinforcing prolonged La Niña events and impacting the tropical Pacific.

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Area of Science:

  • Climate Science
  • Oceanography
  • Atmospheric Science

Background:

  • Multiyear La Niña events are becoming more frequent, altering tropical Pacific rainfall patterns.
  • These rainfall changes affect regional mixed-layer salinity (MLS), but the feedback mechanism is not fully understood.
  • Understanding these interactions is crucial for predicting climate variability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how cumulative rainfall anomalies modulate multiyear La Niña events through mixed-layer salinity (MLS) effects.
  • To identify the key mechanisms sustaining prolonged La Niña events.
  • To assess the implications for ENSO prediction and the hydrological cycle.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of historical observations and climate model experiments.
  • Quantification of rainfall reduction impacts on La Niña amplitude.
  • Investigation of oceanic dynamical processes and circulation responses.

Main Results:

  • Positive MLS anomalies in the western-central equatorial Pacific reinforce prolonged La Niña events.
  • Rainfall reduction enhances La Niña amplitude by 14% in the first year and 32% in the second year.
  • A combination of rapid and slow oceanic responses creates a positive rainfall-salinity feedback loop.

Conclusions:

  • Rainfall-salinity feedbacks are identified as a key mechanism sustaining multiyear La Niña events.
  • These findings enhance our understanding of ENSO dynamics.
  • The study has significant implications for improving climate predictions and understanding hydrological cycle changes.