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Granular Activated Carbon Filtration as a Lead Control Strategy.

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Climate change increases organic carbon in water, impacting drinking water quality. Granular activated carbon (GAC) filters effectively reduce organic carbon and protect against lead release, while polyaluminum chloride (PACl) shows mixed results.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Water Treatment Engineering
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Rising surface water organic carbon due to climate change challenges drinking water quality regulations.
  • Water treatment processes can alter natural organic matter (NOM) and water chemistry, influencing lead release from plumbing systems.
  • Understanding the interplay between treatment chemicals, filtration media, and lead solder is crucial for maintaining water safety.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the efficacy of different coagulants and filter types in managing natural organic matter (NOM) and mitigating lead release.
  • To evaluate the impact of zinc-orthophosphate on lead release in a galvanic lead solder-copper system.
  • To assess the performance of aluminum sulfate (alum), polyaluminum chloride (PACl), anthracite/sand, and granular activated carbon (GAC) in pilot- and bench-scale studies.

Main Methods:

  • Pilot-scale testing of alum, PACl, anthracite/sand, and GAC filters for water quality and NOM removal.
  • Bench-scale dump and fill experiments using treated water with varying zinc-orthophosphate concentrations (0-2 ppm).
  • Evaluation of lead release, galvanic corrosion, and filter media performance (e.g., GAC exhaustion).

Main Results:

  • Granular activated carbon (GAC) contactors significantly reduced organic carbon and demonstrated a strong protective effect against lead release.
  • Polyaluminum chloride (PACl) showed slower GAC exhaustion rates compared to alum at equivalent aluminum doses, enhancing overall removal efficiency.
  • PACl was associated with increased galvanic corrosion, while zinc-orthophosphate effectively mitigated lead solder corrosion.

Conclusions:

  • Removing NOM is key to reducing lead release, with GAC being a highly effective filtration method.
  • While PACl can improve NOM removal, its potential to increase galvanic corrosion requires careful consideration.
  • Optimizing water treatment strategies, including coagulant choice and corrosion inhibitor application, is essential for ensuring drinking water quality and safety.