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In concrete, the pore size distribution significantly influences the material's properties. Capillary pores, markedly larger than gel pores, form a vast network within partially hydrated cement paste, reducing the concrete's strength and increasing its permeability. This heightened permeability leads to a greater risk of damage from environmental factors like freeze-thaw cycles and chemical attacks, with the extent of vulnerability also being tied to the water-to-cement ratio.
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The transition zone in concrete is a critical area where aggregate meets cement paste, marked by a distinct porosity and weakness compared to the surrounding material. The adhesion around the aggregates is primarily due to Van Der Waals forces. The voids within this zone influence its robustness; initially, it is less durable than the surrounding bulk mortar due to larger voids. Initially, when concrete is compacted, a higher water-cement ratio near the aggregates leads to the formation of...
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Heterogeneity Driven Trapping at the Pore-Network Scale in Edwards Brown Dolomite.

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Capillary barriers in geological formations enhance CO2 trapping by immobilizing the plume. These barriers, caused by pore-scale heterogeneity, reduce accessible pore volume and influence migration pathways, requiring integration into large-scale models.

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Area of Science:

  • Geological Carbon Storage
  • Pore-Scale Physics
  • Reservoir Engineering

Background:

  • Residual trapping of CO2 is crucial for geological storage stability but challenging to model at field scales.
  • Capillary trapping, influenced by pore-scale heterogeneity and capillary entry pressures, significantly impacts CO2 plume migration.
  • Current continuum-scale models struggle to integrate the effects of micron-to-centimeter scale pore heterogeneity on trapping efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of pore-scale heterogeneity, specifically capillary barriers, on CO2 trapping efficiency and plume migration.
  • To quantify how pore connectivity and throat geometry influence capillary entry pressures and snap-off mechanisms.
  • To assess the necessity of incorporating pore-scale heterogeneity effects into upscaled models for heterogeneous formations.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted flow experiments using brine and decane under capillary-dominated conditions (Ca = 2.6 × 10^-7).
  • Acquired time-resolved 3D micro-CT images at 5.6 μm voxel size on a 12 mm by 60 mm rock sample.
  • Analyzed segmented volumes using pore-network analysis and ganglia volume/count analysis to quantify trapped volumes.

Main Results:

  • A downstream low-porosity region acted as a partial capillary barrier, remaining brine-saturated during decane injection.
  • Pore-network analysis revealed limited connectivity (coordination number ~2), with over 30% of pores connected by two or fewer throats.
  • Capillary barriers demonstrated enhanced trapping, with negligible displacement of the mobile phase and elevated trapped ganglia volume and count post-imbibition.

Conclusions:

  • Capillary barriers significantly increase fluid immobilization while reducing accessible pore volume in heterogeneous formations.
  • The presence of capillary barriers influences CO2 plume migration pathways, leading to enhanced trapping.
  • Upscaled models for geological storage in heterogeneous formations must capture the effects of pore-scale capillary barriers for accurate predictions.