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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 1, 2026

External Cephalic Version: Is it an Effective and Safe Procedure?

External Cephalic Version: Is it an Effective and Safe Procedure?

Published on: June 6, 2020

Development and evaluation of an external cephalic version simulation-based educational program.

Dhanalakshmi Thiyagarajan¹, Megan Gauger², Raj Patel³

¹Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.

AJOG Global Reports

|January 15, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study developed an external cephalic version (ECV) simulation program for low-resource settings. The program successfully improved clinician confidence, knowledge, and skills, potentially reducing cesarean deliveries.

Keywords:

malpresentation obstetrics education preventing cesarean deliveries simulation

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Area of Science:

Obstetrics and Gynecology
Medical Education
Surgical Simulation

Background:

Fetal malpresentation is a significant cause of cesarean deliveries.
External cephalic version (ECV) is an effective intervention but requires skilled practitioners.
Limited training opportunities in low-resource settings hinder ECV adoption.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and evaluate a simulation-based educational program for external cephalic version (ECV).
To address the need for effective ECV training in resource-limited environments.

Main Methods:

Utilized Kern's 6-step framework to design the ECV program with 6 learning objectives.
A 3-round modified Delphi panel refined the program with expert consensus.
Evaluated through a cluster randomized study of 4 levels of Ghanaian obstetric clinicians.

Main Results:

The ECV simulation program significantly improved participants' self-reported comfort, confidence, and knowledge (P<.01).
Skills, measured by a procedural checklist, significantly increased in the learning group compared to the control group (P<.01).
Higher training levels correlated with greater improvements in comfort, confidence, and procedural skills.

Conclusions:

The ECV simulation-based program effectively enhances clinician competence in Ghana.
Improved ECV skills can lead to increased successful ECV rates.
This program has the potential to reduce cesarean delivery rates and associated complications.