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Related Concept Videos

Sympathetic Activation01:16

Sympathetic Activation

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The sympathetic division can influence tissues and organs by releasing norepinephrine at peripheral synapses and distributing epinephrine and norepinephrine through the bloodstream. In times of crisis or stress, sympathetic activation occurs, which is regulated by sympathetic centers in the hypothalamus. As a result, sympathetic activation prepares the body for physical exertion, rapid ATP production, and heightened alertness, allowing individuals to respond effectively to challenging or...
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Adrenergic agonists have diverse therapeutic uses across various medical conditions and emergencies.
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Sympathetic Pathways: Collateral Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla01:27

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The sympathetic pathways of the collateral ganglia and adrenal medulla serve unique but interconnected roles in the sympathetic response.
Collateral Ganglia
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Autonomic Nervous System01:22

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The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a critical component of the peripheral nervous system, primarily responsible for regulating involuntary bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. It functions in tandem with the central nervous system (CNS) to seamlessly coordinate various physiological processes without the need for conscious control.
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Treatment Strategies for Psychological Disorders01:24

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Treatment approaches for psychological disorders fall into three main categories: psychological, biological, and sociocultural. Each approach targets different aspects of mental health, requiring varying levels of education and training.
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Updated: Jan 16, 2026

Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System ANS Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges
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Paroxysmal Sympathetic Hyperactivity: A Structured Approach for Clinical Practice.

Rita Dos Santos Almeida1, João Faia2, Bárbara Quental1

  • 1Intensive Care Service. Unidade Local de Saúde de Viseu Dão Lafões. Viseu. Portugal.

Acta Medica Portuguesa
|January 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH) is a neurological disorder following brain injury, causing sudden sympathetic overactivity. Current management is varied, highlighting the need for standardized diagnostic and treatment guidelines.

Keywords:
Autonomic Nervous System Diseases/diagnosisAutonomic Nervous System Diseases/epidemiologyAutonomic Nervous System Diseases/etiologyAutonomic Nervous System Diseases/therapyBrain InjuriesSympathetic Nervous System/physiopathologyTraumatic/complications

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH) is a neurological syndrome characterized by sudden episodes of sympathetic overactivity.
  • It often occurs after severe brain injury, affecting diencephalic and brainstem structures.
  • The pathophysiology involves a suspected imbalance in central nervous system pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity.
  • To discuss diagnostic approaches and management strategies.
  • To emphasize the need for further research and standardized guidelines.

Main Methods:

  • Clinical diagnosis based on exclusion of other causes.
  • Utilizes the Paroxysmal Sympathetic Hyperactivity Assessment Measure.
  • Reviews existing pharmacological and non-pharmacological management strategies.

Main Results:

  • PSH is triggered by non-noxious stimuli in patients with severe brain injury.
  • Diagnosis is clinical, supported by specific assessment tools.
  • Management strategies are currently heterogeneous.

Conclusions:

  • Further research is essential to elucidate PSH mechanisms.
  • Standardized, evidence-based diagnostic and treatment guidelines are needed.
  • Improved outcomes depend on developing clearer clinical approaches.