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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Updated: Jan 17, 2026

Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques
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High Entropy Layered Cathode With Single Grain Morphology for High-Performance Sodium-Ion Batteries.

Daniele Callegari1,2, Giulia Maranini1, Claudia Triolo2,3,4

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|January 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Developing high-entropy layered cathode active materials (CAMs) is crucial for advancing sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Spray pyrolysis synthesis yielded superior CAMs with high capacity and stability compared to sol-gel methods.

Keywords:
high entropy oxidelayered cathode materialssodium ion batteriesspray‐pyrolysis

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) require advanced cathode active materials (CAMs) for high specific capacity and cycling stability.
  • Layered CAMs are promising but face challenges in achieving both performance metrics simultaneously.
  • High-entropy materials offer potential for enhanced electrochemical properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize a high-entropy layered CAM for SIBs.
  • To investigate the effect of synthesis method on CAM microstructure and performance.
  • To demonstrate the benefits of combining high entropy design with controlled morphology.

Main Methods:

  • Spray pyrolysis technique for synthesizing the high-entropy layered CAM (Na$_{0.52}$Ti$_{0.19}$Mn$_{0.19}$Fe$_{0.21}$Ni$_{0.21}$Co$_{0.20}$O$_{2}$).
  • Conventional sol-gel method for comparative synthesis.
  • Electrochemical characterization including specific capacity, rate capability, and cycling stability tests.

Main Results:

  • Spray-pyrolyzed CAM exhibited a high specific capacity of ~180 mAh g$^{-1}$ at 0.08 C.
  • The material showed excellent rate capability with 69% retention after 300 cycles at 1C and high coulombic efficiency (>99.5%).
  • Comparative sol-gel synthesis resulted in agglomerated microstructure with lower capacity and stability.

Conclusions:

  • Spray pyrolysis enables the synthesis of large, separated grains of high-entropy layered CAMs, enhancing electrochemical performance.
  • Controlled cathode morphology, alongside high entropy design, is key for next-generation SIB cathodes.
  • This work provides a pathway for developing high-performance SIBs.