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Updated: Jan 17, 2026

Directed Assembly of Elastin-like Proteins into defined Supramolecular Structures and Cargo Encapsulation In Vitro
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Controlled Assembly of Vesicle-Based Superstructures Using Megamolecules.

Timothy Q Vu1, Sraeyes Sridhar1, Bethel G Shekour2

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|January 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a modular method for controlling artificial cell adhesion, enabling the creation of programmable tissues. This innovation allows for specific binding between artificial cells and natural cells, paving the way for new applications in medicine and materials science.

Keywords:
adhesionartificial cellsbioconjugationbiorthogonalmegamoleculesphase separationprototissue

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Engineering
  • Synthetic Biology
  • Cellular Engineering

Background:

  • Living tissues are complex structures formed by specialized cells.
  • Artificial cells offer potential for applications in drug delivery, biosensing, and tissue regeneration.
  • Programmable and site-specific adhesion is crucial for assembling artificial or hybrid tissues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a modular, bioorthogonal conjugation method for protein attachment to lipid vesicles.
  • To design synthetic adhesion proteins for controlled vesicle-to-vesicle adhesion.
  • To demonstrate controlled binding between artificial and natural cells for hybrid cell aggregate formation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized covalently inhibited enzymes for bioorthogonal protein conjugation to lipid vesicles.
  • Engineered synthetic adhesion proteins to mediate specific vesicle-surface interactions.
  • Formed hybrid cell aggregates through controlled binding of artificial and natural cells.

Main Results:

  • Established a modular toolkit for programmable, site-specific adhesion of artificial cells.
  • Achieved specific adhesion between defined populations of vesicles and specific surface regions.
  • Successfully created hybrid cell aggregates by combining artificial and natural cells.

Conclusions:

  • The developed synthetic adhesion toolkit expands capabilities for controlling artificial cell interactions.
  • Enables the hierarchical and spatially controlled assembly of prototissues and hybrid structures.
  • Opens new avenues for applications in chemistry, biology, and materials science.