Identifying social prescribing core outcomes using a Delphi approach: findings and future directions

Although social prescribing is a growing global health and social movement, no Delphi studies have determined which outcomes are critical to assess. Our aim was to identify a core outcome set based on feedback from diverse user groups of people who could be affected by (e.g. adults ≥ 60 years) or who can affect (e.g. providers, researchers) social prescribing.

Following standard guidelines for Delphi studies, we developed a two-round online survey with a focus on Canadian perspectives. We asked participants to rate 21 outcomes as "critical" (7-9 on a 9-point scale), "important but not critical" (4-6 points) or "not important" (1-3 points). We provide a subgroup description of findings from older adult/family and friend perspectives.

Round 1 was completed by 74 people from 10 user groups and Round 2 by 52 people from eight user groups (70% retention). Ratings between rounds were generally consistent. Seven outcomes met the "critical" threshold. No outcomes were excluded. Critical outcomes focused on mental health, physical and social functioning, and wellbeing. Participants commented on environmental (e.g. resources, care delivery) and equity factors.

This study identified seven critical outcomes to consider in evaluations of social prescribing research and interventions. Future investigations should investigate how contextual and personal factors might influence outcomes and identify specific instruments (e.g. questionnaires, performance-based tests) to assess each outcome. Identification of outcomes is a continuous process, requiring regular updates as results may change due the ongoing evolution of social prescribing and other factors.