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Tidal Forces

Tidal Forces

The origin of Earth's ocean tides has been a subject of continuous investigation for over 2000 years. However, the work of Newton is considered to be the beginning of the proper understanding of the phenomenon. Ocean tides are the result of gravitational tidal forces. These same tidal forces are present in any astronomical body; they are responsible for the internal heat that creates the volcanic activity on Io, one of Jupiter's moons, and the breakup of stars that get too close to...

Effect of Sea Water on Concrete

Effect of Sea Water on Concrete

Concrete exposed to seawater can undergo degradation like the dissolution of ettringite and gypsum, increasing the material's porosity and decreasing its strength. In contrast, the crystallization of salts within the concrete's pores can cause expansion, particularly above the waterline where evaporation occurs. Nonetheless, this expansion only happens when seawater, enabled by the concrete's permeability, manages to infiltrate the structure.
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Sustainable Development

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States of Water

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 17, 2026

Protocol for Microplastics Sampling on the Sea Surface and Sample Analysis

Protocol for Microplastics Sampling on the Sea Surface and Sample Analysis

Published on: December 16, 2016

The High Seas Treaty, at last.

Kirsten Grorud-Colvert¹, Jenna Sullivan-Stack²

¹Kirsten Grorud-Colvert is an associate professor in the Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|January 15, 2026

Summary

The United Nations Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction Agreement, or High Seas Treaty, is enacted to protect ocean biodiversity. This landmark treaty establishes marine protected areas in international waters, safeguarding marine life and ecosystems.

Area of Science:

Marine Biology
International Environmental Law

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Oceanography

Background:

The high seas, covering over half the Earth's surface and two-thirds of its oceans, harbor rich biodiversity including megafauna, deep-sea corals, and sponges.
Historically, high seas management has been dominated by commercial interests like shipping, fishing, and resource exploration, leading to inadequate protection for marine ecosystems.
Over two decades of negotiations culminated in the High Seas Treaty, also known as the United Nations (UN) Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction Agreement.