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Novel Simulation With 3D-Printed Spine for Teaching Durotomy Repair: A Technique Guide and Validation Study.

Lainey G Bukowiec, Aaron Damon, Julia Todderud

    Simulation in Healthcare : Journal of the Society for Simulation in Healthcare
    |January 15, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary

    A new 3D-printed simulator effectively trains surgical trainees in durotomy repair, a critical skill for preventing cerebrospinal fluid leaks. This realistic model enhances surgical education and patient safety by allowing practice in a controlled environment.

    Keywords:
    Durotomyneurosurgeryorthopedic surgeryspinespine surgerysurgical simulation

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    Area of Science:

    • Neurosurgery
    • Surgical Education
    • Biomedical Engineering

    Background:

    • Durotomies, or tears in the dura mater, can cause cerebrospinal fluid leakage and complications.
    • Repairing durotomies is a crucial skill for orthopedic and neurosurgical trainees.
    • Current training methods present challenges for developing proficiency safely.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and evaluate a novel 3-dimensional (3D) printed simulation model for teaching intraoperative durotomy repair.
    • To provide surgical trainees with a safe and controlled environment for practicing durotomy repair techniques.

    Main Methods:

    • Development of a 3D-printed simulation model with lumbar and thoracic windows.
    • Utilized 3D-printed and repurposed components for a lifelike intraoperative scenario.
    • Assessed performance of junior residents, senior residents, fellows, and attending surgeons.

    Main Results:

    • The simulation model realistically replicated an in vivo intraoperative durotomy repair scenario.
    • More experienced surgeons (senior residents, fellows, attendings) initially outperformed junior residents.
    • All participant groups demonstrated improved performance with repeated simulator use.

    Conclusions:

    • The 3D-printed model provides a valid and effective tool for surgical trainees to practice durotomy repair.
    • The simulator facilitates skill acquisition and improvement in a risk-free setting.
    • This novel simulator has the potential to enhance surgical training and improve patient outcomes by reducing durotomy-related complications.