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    This study presents a novel method for measuring the backscattered Stokes vector angular pattern (BSAP) of particles. This advancement is crucial for improving ocean color remote sensing and Lidar applications.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optical Physics
    • Ocean Optics
    • Remote Sensing

    Background:

    • Accurate particle angular distribution is essential for bio-optical models in ocean color remote sensing and Lidar.
    • Simultaneous acquisition of polarized light backscattering across a wide angular range, especially near 180°, remains a technical challenge.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and demonstrate a method for acquiring the backscattered Stokes vector angular pattern (BSAP) of individual particles in water.
    • To characterize microalgae properties using BSAP measurements and validate with simulations.

    Main Methods:

    • A conceptual setup utilizing a confocal optical system was employed to measure BSAP.
    • Measurements covered scattering angles from 112° to 179.5° with high angular resolution.
    • Mie theory and discrete dipole approximation (DDA) simulations were used for calibration and analysis.

    Main Results:

    • The BSAP of individual particles, including backscattering near 180°, was successfully acquired.
    • Calibration using microspheres and Mie theory validated the measurement system.
    • BSAPs of four microalgae species were measured, revealing detailed physical properties influenced by size, shape, and orientation.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed method enables detailed characterization of particle optical properties through BSAP measurement.
    • Understanding BSAP is vital for refining bio-optical models and enhancing remote sensing technologies.
    • DDA simulations effectively explain the influence of particle morphology on BSAP.