Prompting and Fine-Tuning Large Language Models for Parkinson Disease Diagnosis: Comparative Evaluation Study Using...

Parkinson disease (PD) presents diagnostic challenges due to its heterogeneous motor and nonmotor manifestations. Traditional machine learning (ML) approaches have been evaluated on structured clinical variables. However, the diagnostic utility of large language models (LLMs) using natural language representations of structured clinical data remains underexplored.

This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic classification performance of multiple LLMs using natural language prompts derived from structured clinical data and to compare their performance with traditional ML baselines.

We reformatted structured clinical variables from the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) dataset into natural language prompts and used them as inputs for several LLMs. Variables with high multicollinearity were removed, and the top 10 features were selected using Shapley additive explanations (SHAP)-based feature ranking. LLM performance was examined across few-shot prompting, dual-output prompting that additionally generated post hoc explanatory text as an exploratory component, and supervised fine-tuning. Logistic regression (LR) and support vector machine (SVM) classifiers served as ML baselines. Model performance was evaluated using F₁-scores on both the test set and a temporally independent validation set (temporal validation set) of limited size, and repeated output generation was carried out to assess stability.

On the test set of 122 participants, LR and SVM trained on the 10 SHAP-selected clinical variables each achieved a macro-averaged F₁-score of 0.960 (accuracy 0.975). LLMs receiving natural language prompts derived from the same variables reached comparable performance, with the best few-shot configurations achieving macro-averaged F₁-scores of 0.987 (accuracy 0.992). In the temporal validation set of 31 participants, LR maintained a macro-averaged F₁-score of 0.903, whereas SVM showed substantial performance degradation. In contrast, multiple LLMs sustained high diagnostic performance, reaching macro-averaged F₁-scores up to 0.968 and high recall for PD. Repeated output generation across LLM conditions produced generally stable predictions, with rare variability observed across runs. Under dual-output prompting, diagnostic performance showed a reduction relative to few-shot prompting while remaining generally stable. Supervised fine-tuning of lightweight models improved stability and enabled GPT-4o-mini to achieve a macro-averaged F₁-score of 0.987 on the test set, with uniformly correct predictions observed in the small temporal validation set, which should be interpreted cautiously given the limited sample size and exploratory nature of the evaluation.

This study provides an exploratory benchmark of how modern LLMs process structured clinical variables in natural language form. While several models achieved diagnostic performance comparable to LR across both the test and temporal validation datasets, their outputs were sensitive to prompting formats, model choice, and class distributions. Occasional variability across repeated output generations reflected the stochastic nature of LLMs, and lightweight models required supervised fine-tuning for stable generalization. These findings highlight the capabilities and limitations of current LLMs in handling tabular clinical information and underscore the need for cautious application and further investigation.