[State-of-the-art in peripheral nerve injury diagnosis and therapy]

The undulating characteristics of nerve fibers and the endoneurium are important factors in resisting traction force. The diagnostic accuracies of magnetic resonance neurography and ultrasonography for nerve injuries are 85.4% and 70.6%, respectively. Epineurial repair is the most commonly used nerve repair technique. Nerve grafts are generally required when the defect exceeds 2 cm. Nerve transfers are primarily indicated for brachial plexus root avulsions or intraforaminal lesions. Painful neuromas can be treated with target muscle reinnervation. Surgery yields reliable results for carpal-tunnel syndrome, cubital-tunnel syndrome, the common peroneal nerve entrapment, and the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome. Effective rehabilitation interventions related to the central nervous system include sensory reeducation, cross-modal sensory substitution, motor imagery, and action observation with simultaneous peripheral nerve stimulation.