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Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Isomerism in Complexes
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Crystal Field Theory
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A Crystalline Mono-Coordinate Indium(I)-Phosphaalkenyl.

Álvaro García-Romero1, Maren Pink1, Israel Fernández2

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, USA.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|January 16, 2026
PubMed
Summary

A novel mono-coordinate indium(I) compound, In[C(Ad)═PTer], was synthesized using a redox-neutral insertion reaction. Steric bulk from the ligand prevents aggregation, and the reaction is reversible, unlike gallium analogues.

Keywords:
CarbometallationGalliumIndium(I)PhosphaalkenePhosphorus

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Area of Science:

  • Organometallic Chemistry
  • Main Group Chemistry
  • Coordination Chemistry

Background:

  • Indium(I) compounds are rare due to their tendency to aggregate.
  • Sterically demanding ligands are crucial for stabilizing low-coordinate main group species.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize a novel mono-coordinate indium(I) complex.
  • To investigate the reactivity and stability of indium(I) species.
  • To compare the behavior of indium(I) with its lighter congener, gallium(I).

Main Methods:

  • Redox-neutral insertion reaction of an indium(I) precursor with a phosphaalkyne.
  • Characterization of the resulting indium(I) complex.
  • Reversible reaction with a Lewis acid (B(C6F5)3) to demonstrate ligand extrusion.
  • Comparative reaction with a gallium(I) analogue.

Main Results:

  • Successful synthesis of the monomeric mono-coordinate indium(I) compound In[C(Ad)═PTer].
  • The phosphaalkenyl ligand provides essential steric protection, preventing aggregation.
  • The insertion reaction is reversible, extruding the phosphaalkyne upon reaction with B(C6F5)3.
  • Gallium(I) analogues promote dimerization of the phosphaalkyne.

Conclusions:

  • Steric protection is key to isolating stable, low-coordinate indium(I) complexes.
  • The synthesized indium(I) compound exhibits unique reactivity compared to gallium(I).
  • This work expands the scope of accessible low-coordinate indium chemistry.