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An alkene, such as propene, reacts with bromine in the presence of water to yield a halohydrin. Halohydrins contain a halogen and a hydroxyl group attached to adjacent carbons. When the halogen is bromine, it is called a bromohydrin, while a chlorohydrin has chlorine as the halogen.
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In organic synthesis, the formation of products can be altered by changing the reaction conditions. For example, a dibromo addition product is formed when propene is treated with bromine at room temperature. In contrast, propene undergoes allylic substitution in non-polar solvents at high temperatures to give 3-bromopropene. In order to avoid the addition reaction, the bromine concentration must be kept as low as possible throughout the reaction. This can be achieved using N-bromosuccinimide...
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The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...
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A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
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Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.
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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
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[N⋯Br⋯N]+ Type Halogen Bonding: From Structure to Applications.

Meimei Zhang1, Xuguan Bai1, Zhennan Tian1

  • 1The Institute for Advanced Studies, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Opto-Electronic Materials, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.

Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|January 16, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Emerging [N⋯Br⋯N]+ halogen bonding in halogen-bonded organic frameworks (XOFs) offers superior performance in catalysis and biomedical applications. These Br+-bridged XOFs show significant potential for future functional materials design.

Keywords:
[N⋯Br⋯N]+ halogen bondhalogen‐bonded organic frameworks (XOFs)noncovalent interactionssupramolecular assembly

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Area of Science:

  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Organic Chemistry

Background:

  • Noncovalent halogen bonding, especially the [N⋯X⋯N]+ motif, is vital in supramolecular chemistry.
  • I+-based systems are established, but [N⋯Br⋯N]+ motifs are gaining attention for their unique properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the emerging [N⋯Br⋯N]+ motif in halogen-bonded organic frameworks (XOFs).
  • To summarize synthetic strategies for stabilizing Br+ species.
  • To highlight the advantages and applications of Br+-bridged XOFs.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of synthetic strategies for [N⋯Br⋯N]+ motifs.
  • Structural analysis of Br+-bridged XOFs.
  • Performance evaluation in catalysis and biomedical applications.

Main Results:

  • Synthetic strategies include spatial constraint, cation substitution, ligand exchange, and anionic regulation.
  • The [N⋯Br⋯N]+ motif exhibits shorter N⋯Br bond lengths and enhanced electron deficiency.
  • XOFs(Br) outperform I-analogues in alcohol oxidation, H2O2 production, antimicrobial activity, and photothermal therapy.

Conclusions:

  • The [N⋯Br⋯N]+ motif offers significant advantages over I+-based systems.
  • Stable Br+-bridged XOFs hold great potential for catalysis and precision medicine.
  • This work paves the way for designing advanced functional materials using Br+-bridged XOFs.