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Biofilms01:29

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Biofilms are complex communities of microorganisms encased in a self-produced extracellular polysaccharide matrix attached to surfaces. These microbial consortia can include single or multiple species, providing enhanced survival benefits by forming organized, multilayered structures.The formation of biofilms occurs through four key stages: attachment, colonization, development, and dispersal.During attachment, free-swimming planktonic cells adhere to a surface, often facilitated by...
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Updated: Jan 18, 2026

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Enhanced Biofilm Infiltration by Drug-laden Coacervate for Treating Refractory Infections.

Ruinan Wang1,2,3,4, Hao Li5, Bo Yi1,2,3

  • 1School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Guangzhou International Campus, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, P. R. China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|January 16, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Ultra-low interfacial tension coacervates effectively infiltrate biofilms, overcoming treatment barriers for refractory infections like osteomyelitis. A stable PEG-alkyl coacervate system demonstrated in vivo efficacy, accelerating bone regeneration.

Keywords:
biofilm infiltrationbone bacterial infectioncoacervatedrug release

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Drug Delivery

Background:

  • Biofilm-related infections, such as osteomyelitis, present significant treatment challenges due to limited drug penetration.
  • Current therapeutic strategies are often hampered by poor drug coverage and inability to infiltrate dense biofilm structures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential of liquid water-immiscible coacervates with ultra-low interfacial tension for enhanced biofilm infiltration.
  • To develop stable and biocompatible coacervate carriers for effective eradication of refractory biofilm infections.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic screening of seven coacervates based on interfacial tension and biofilm infiltration performance.
  • In vivo validation of a lead PEG-alkyl coacervate system in murine and canine osteomyelitis models.

Main Results:

  • Coacervates with ultra-low interfacial tension (<0.5 mN m⁻¹) exhibited significantly enhanced biofilm infiltration.
  • The selected PEG-alkyl coacervate demonstrated robust infiltration, sustained drug retention, effective Staphylococcus aureus eradication, and accelerated bone regeneration in vivo.
  • Electrostatically assembled coacervates showed poor stability and biocompatibility, unlike the PEG-alkyl variant.

Conclusions:

  • Ultra-low interfacial tension is a key principle for designing effective fluidic coacervate carriers for biofilm penetration.
  • The developed PEG-alkyl coacervate system offers a promising strategy for treating refractory biofilm infections and promoting tissue repair.