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Conceptualizing Parent-Infant Co-Occupations in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit for Measurement: A Delphi Study.

Kristin Walden¹, Wendy Stav², Elise Bloch¹

¹Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.

OTJR : Occupation, Participation and Health

|January 16, 2026

Summary

This study developed a new objective rating scale to measure parent-infant co-occupations in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). This tool aims to better understand these crucial interactions for infants and parents.

Keywords:

co-occupation measurement neonate occupational science parenting

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Area of Science:

Occupational Therapy
Neonatal Care
Infant Development

Background:

Parent-infant co-occupations are understudied, particularly infant perspectives.
Current methods lack tools to objectively measure co-occupations in research settings.
Understanding co-occupations is vital for neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop an objective rating scale for quantifying parent-infant co-occupations.
To provide a novel research tool for NICU environments.
To address gaps in understanding infant co-occupational experiences.

Main Methods:

The Delphi method was used to gather expert consensus.
Twelve occupational therapy and science experts reviewed a proposed rating scale.
Two survey rounds were conducted with feedback incorporated.

Main Results:

Experts achieved over 90% agreement on the accuracy of three subscales.
The Delphi method facilitated consensus on the rating scale's components.
The study generated a novel, objective measure for parent-infant co-occupations.

Conclusions:

The proposed rating scale offers a new method to quantify parent-infant co-occupations in the NICU.
Further psychometric evaluation is needed before clinical application.
This tool has the potential to enhance research on parent-infant interactions in critical care settings.