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Early Pubertal Development Is a Risk Factor for Psychotic-Like Experiences in Boys and Girls.

Eric R Larson1,2, Natasha Chaku1,2, Alexandra Moussa-Tooks1,2,3

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Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science
|January 16, 2026
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Summary

Early puberty increases psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) in both sexes, while faster pubertal tempo in males also elevates PLE risk. Understanding these pubertal maturation factors is key for early identification and prevention strategies in at-risk youth.

Keywords:
ABCD StudyAdrenarcheGonadarchePsychotic-like experiencesPubertyTiming

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Puberty is a known risk factor for psychosis, but previous studies lacked detailed mechanisms.
  • Limited understanding of how specific pubertal timing and tempo influence risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between pubertal timing and tempo and psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) in youth.
  • To examine these associations across biological sexes.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from 11,758 youths in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study.
  • Employed sex-specific linear mixed-effects and negative binomial multilevel models to analyze pubertal development and PLEs.

Main Results:

  • Earlier pubertal timing correlated with increased PLEs in both sexes.
  • Later pubertal timing correlated with decreased PLEs in both sexes.
  • Faster pubertal tempo was linked to fewer PLEs in boys; earlier adrenarche was linked to more PLEs in girls.

Conclusions:

  • Early pubertal timing and faster pubertal tempo in males are associated with increased PLEs.
  • Understanding adrenarche's role in pubertal maturation is crucial for identifying and preventing psychosis risk in adolescents.