Multi-omics reveals nitrate-induced oxidative stress and morphogenesis pathways in Morchella importuna

Nitrate (NO₃ ^-) and ammonium (NH₄ ⁺) are the two main forms of inorganic nitrogen (N) found in soil. Most macrofungi show a preference for specific forms of N; however, the mechanisms behind these preferences remain poorly understood. In this study, we explored the metabolic responses induced by NO₃ ^- and NH₄ ⁺ uptake and assimilation in the ascomycete Morchella importuna, a highly valued soil-grown mushroom. Through transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics, we demonstrated that growth on NO₃ ^- inhibited the expression and activity of NADP-glutamate dehydrogenase while increasing the expression and activity of glutamate synthase (GOGAT) and glutamate levels, underscoring the significant role of the GOGAT pathway in glutamate synthesis in NO₃ ^--grown mycelia. Furthermore, growth on NO₃ ^- results in the downregulation of proteins involved in ribosome biogenesis and RNA transport pathways, inducing a status analogous to N starvation and oxidative stress. Simultaneously, nitrate initiated metabolic alterations related to sexual morphogenesis, such as increased glutathione levels to counter oxidative stress, the upregulated expression of tyrosinase and its substrates to accelerate melanin deposition and enhanced glycosylation to supply cell-wall formation. These findings enhance our understanding of the differential response mechanisms to N sources that affect mushroom cell homeostasis.